{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:56:36Z","timestamp":1790934996149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]],"date-time":"2011-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]],"date-time":"2011-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During the course of African trypanosomiasis, an intact monocytic cell system appears to be crucial for the initiation and maintenance of antitrypanosome responses and could be critical for the survival of trypanosome\u2010infected host. Monocytic cells in turn require support from other components of the innate immunity as well as adaptive immunity for effective and sustained control of trypanosome infections. In this review, the contribution of specific components of the innate immune system towards resistance to African trypanosomes is discussed in the context of host survival and the ideas presented are expected to stimulate more debate and research on host innate mechanisms of defence against African trypanosomiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,15]],"date-time":"2011-09-15T03:26:39Z","timestamp":1316057199000},"page":"5-15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Contribution of Innate Immune Responses towards Resistance to African Trypanosome Infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Namangala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14694-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.08.040190.000503"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7516579"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00154-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/389153"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1999.4408"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.3.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.6298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2501"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01649-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.1.548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.7.4908"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(01)00170-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.539","article-title":"Correlation of high serum tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha with disease severity in human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"53","author":"Okomo\u2010Assoumou MC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis, chemotherapy and CNS disease","volume":"211","author":"MacLean L","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60829-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1995.tb00126.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00270-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00146-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90005-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.1.283","article-title":"Genetics of resistance to the African trypanosomes VI. Heredity of resistance and variable surface glycoprotein\u2010specific immune responses","volume":"140","author":"De Gee ALW","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","first-page":"297","article-title":"Antibody responses in resistant and susceptible mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense","volume":"57","author":"Mitchell LA","year":"1986","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20071463"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063265"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83720-6","article-title":"Lysis of Trypanosoma brucei by a toxic subspecies of human high density lipoprotein","volume":"264","author":"Hajduk SK","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609902104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114566"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2003.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07156.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156296"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00076-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81706-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000685"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0905669106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1994.tb01480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.9.3806-3814.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152308602753625933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.52.1.223-229.1986","article-title":"Restriction of the alternative pathway of human complement by intact Trypanosoma brucei subsp. gambiense","volume":"52","author":"Devine DV","year":"1986","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1983.tb00763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282750"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.47.1.176-182.1985","article-title":"Murine natural resistance to Trypanosoma lewisi involves complement component C3 and radiation\u2010resistant, silica dust sensitive effector cells","volume":"47","author":"Albright JW","year":"1985","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932695"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/9.8.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6775","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.161.12.6775","article-title":"Resistance to the African trypanosomes is IFN\u2010\u03b3 dependent","volume":"161","author":"Hertz CJ","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000028078"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/648374"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2005.00791.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1949","article-title":"The glycosyl\u2010inositol\u2010phosphate and dimyristoylglycerol moities of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant\u2010specific surface glycoprotein are distinct macrophage\u2010activating factors","volume":"160","author":"Magez S","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00003-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.8.4653-4657.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.11.6180-6187.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320731"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.5.2748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590439"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(03)00174-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003500"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/503808"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.71.313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90220-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1998.1429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.5.2135-2137.1994","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis leads to reduced parasitemia in murine Trypanosoma brucei infection","volume":"62","author":"Sternberg JM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319257"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00925.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900655106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2005.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1998.00165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099314423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.7.3311","article-title":"IL\u201010 is required to prevent immune hypersensitivity during infection with Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"158","author":"Hunter CA","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.2000.00314.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2011.01280.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6812218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1997.1086"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01452-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2009.02.017"}],"container-title":["Scandinavian Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:18:54Z","timestamp":1782112734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9475","1365-3083"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9475","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3083","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2011-12-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}