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In contrast, cholera toxin (CT), the enterotoxin produced by <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic>, promotes T cell responses, partly through its ability to induce DC maturation and promote antigen presentation. We hypothesized that the adjuvant activity of CT is associated with a lack of induction of IDO in DC. To test this hypothesis, monocyte\u2010derived DC were pulsed with CT, and the IDO mRNA expression, IDO functional activity and cytokine production were measured as well as the ability of DC to induce T cell responses <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. Cholera toxin exposure induced enhanced levels of IDO mRNA in DC but no functional IDO protein activity. Cholera toxin pulsing however primed DC for CD40L\u2010induced IDO protein activity. CD40L stimulation of CT\u2010pulsed DC induced a modest IL\u201012p40 production, but not IL\u201012p70 or IL\u201023 secretion. Furthermore, CT\u2010pulsed DC induced strong allogeneic and autologous T cell responses <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, which were not affected by the IDO\u2010specific inhibitor 1\u2010methyl tryptophan. Our results show that CT <jats:italic>per se<\/jats:italic> does not induce the expression of functional IDO protein, although it primes DC for CD40L\u2010mediated IDO production and IL\u201012p40 secretion. Furthermore, CT\u2010treated DC were equally powerful in their T cell stimulatory capacity as cytokine\u2010matured DC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02713.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,21]],"date-time":"2012-04-21T21:27:18Z","timestamp":1335043638000},"page":"113-122","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Indoleamine 2,3\u2010dioxygenase Expression and Functional Activity in Dendritic Cells Exposed to Cholera 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