{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:45:20Z","timestamp":1774611920764,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,10]],"date-time":"2012-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scand J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The availability of hundreds of adjuvants has prompted a need for identifying rational standards for the selection of adjuvant formulation based on sound immunological principles for human vaccines. As cytokines elaborated by activated T cells are required for the regulation of isotype switch during B\u2010cell development, a study of Th2 cytokines and subclass distribution of the antibodies may shed new light on the processes involved in the polarization of the immune responses during vaccination studies. The aim of this study was to identify an appropriate <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> vaccine adjuvant based on low Th2 cytokine and high value IgG2 antibody responses. Groups of vervet monkeys were immunized with <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> sonicate antigen (Ag) alone or in conjunction with alum\u2010BCG (AlBCG), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or montanide ISA 720 (MISA) as adjuvants. Following three time point intradermal injections on days 0, 28 and 42, IL\u20104, IL\u201010 and IgG antibody subclasses were quantified by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and data analysed by one\u2010way analysis of variance, Tukey\u2013Kramer test and Spearman\u2019s rank correlation analysis. Results indicated relatively higher IL\u20104 and IL\u201010 cytokine responses following MPL\u2003+\u2003Ag as compared to AlBCG\u2003+\u2003Ag or MISA\u2003+\u2003Ag immunization. There was a positive significant correlation between IL\u20104 and IL\u201010 levels (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20031.000; <jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.0167). Significantly higher IgG2 antibody responses were associated with either AlBCG\u2003+\u2003Ag or MISA\u2003+\u2003Ag as compared to MPL\u2003+\u2003Ag immunization (<jats:italic>P\u2003<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u2003<\/jats:italic>0.05). The study concludes that both AlBCG and MISA may be used in <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> vaccine studies that favour low Th2 cytokine and strong IgG2 antibody responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2012.02764.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,4]],"date-time":"2012-08-04T15:33:29Z","timestamp":1344094409000},"page":"471-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Immunization with <i>Leishmania<\/i> Vaccine\u2010Alum\u2010BCG and Montanide ISA 720 Adjuvants Induces Low\u2010Grade Type 2 Cytokines and High Levels of IgG2 Subclass Antibodies in the Vervet Monkey (<i>Chlorocebus aethiops<\/i>) Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Mutiso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. C.","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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