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In mature opium poppy plants, immunofluorescence labeling using specific antibodies showed that four alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>)\u2010norcoclaurine 6\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyltransferase (6OMT), (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>)\u2010coclaurine <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyltransferase (CNMT), (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>)\u20103\u2032\u2010hydroxy\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylcoclaurine\u20104\u2032\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010methyltransferase (4\u2032OMT) and salutaridinol\u20107\u2010<jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetyltransferase (SAT) were restricted to sieve elements of the phloem adjacent or proximal to laticifers. The identity of sieve elements was confirmed by (i) the specific immunogold labeling of the characteristic cytoplasm of this cell type, (ii) the co\u2010localization of a sieve element\u2010specific H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\u2010ATPase with all biosynthetic enzymes and (iii) the strict association of sieve plates with immunofluorescent cells. The localization of laticifers was demonstrated antibodies specific to major latex protein (MLP), which is characteristic of this cell type. <jats:italic>In situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization using antisense RNA probes for 6OMT, CNMT, 4\u2032OMT and SAT showed that the corresponding gene transcripts were found in the companion cell paired with each sieve element. Seven benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic enzymes, (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>)\u2010<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010methylcoclaurine 3\u2032\u2010hydroxylase (CYP80B1), berberine bridge enzyme, codeinone reductase, 6OMT, CNMT, 4\u2032OMT and SAT were localized by immunofluorescence labeling to the sieve elements in the root and hypocotyl of opium poppy seedlings. The abundance of these enzymes increased rapidly between 1 and 3\u2003days after seed germination. The localization of seven biosynthetic enzymes to the sieve elements provides strong support for the unique, cell type\u2010specific biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in the opium poppy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2006.02801.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]],"date-time":"2006-07-01T10:12:45Z","timestamp":1151748765000},"page":"547-563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["The role of phloem sieve elements and laticifers in the biosynthesis and accumulation of alkaloids in opium poppy<sup>\u2020<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Nailish","family":"Samanani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joenel","family":"Alcantara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bourgault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine G.","family":"Zulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Facchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.104.024406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.059287"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.86.4.1089"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.010334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.104.052357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.14150"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Sieve element and companion cell: the story of the comatose patient and the hyperactive nurse","volume":"27","author":"Van Bel A.J.E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. 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