{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:47:17Z","timestamp":1793915237763,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have examined the complexity of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (<jats:italic>PPCK<\/jats:italic>) gene family in the C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> monocots maize and sorghum. Maize contains at least four <jats:italic>PPCK<\/jats:italic> genes. The encoded proteins are similar to other phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) kinases, in that they comprise a protein kinase domain with minimal extensions, except that two of the proteins contain unusual acidic insertions. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of the genes provide information about their presumed functions. Expression of <jats:italic>ZmPPCK1<\/jats:italic> in leaves is mesophyll cell\u2010specific and light\u2010induced, indicating that it encodes the PEPC kinase that is responsible for the phosphorylation of leaf PEPC during C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> photosynthesis. Surprisingly, <jats:italic>ZmPPCK2<\/jats:italic> is expressed in leaf bundle sheath cells, preferentially in the dark. This suggests that a main function of the <jats:italic>ZmPPCK2<\/jats:italic> gene product is to allow PEPC to function anaplerotically in bundle sheath cells in the dark without interfering with the C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> cycle. <jats:italic>ZmPPCK2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ZmPPCK3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ZmPPCK4<\/jats:italic> are all induced by exposure of tissue to cycloheximide, whereas <jats:italic>ZmPPCK1<\/jats:italic> is not. This suggests that the <jats:italic>ZmPPCK2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ZmPPCK3<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ZmPPCK4<\/jats:italic> genes share the property that their expression is controlled by a rapidly turning over repressor. Sequence and expression data show that sorghum contains orthologues of <jats:italic>ZmPPCK1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ZmPPCK2<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2006.02850.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]],"date-time":"2006-08-22T09:13:39Z","timestamp":1156238019000},"page":"45-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Distinct patterns of control and expression amongst members of the PEP carboxylase kinase gene family in C<sub>4<\/sub> plants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Matt","family":"Shenton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00e9ronique","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Hartwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin T.","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth I.","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh G.","family":"Nimmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pci043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)81454-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.101.3.891"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.47.1.273"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313x.2000.00819.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1119(91)90037-C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0981-9428(03)00068-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(90)81430-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1046-5928(03)00014-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0016-8025.2001.00805.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02779.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-002-0893-3","article-title":"Characterization of salt stress\u2010enhanced phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity in leaves of Sorghum vulgare: independence from osmotic stress, involvement of ion toxicity and significance of dark phosphorylation","volume":"216","author":"Garcia\u2010Mauri\u00f1o S.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.8.4.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1996.10061071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1999.t01-1-00609.x","article-title":"Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase is a novel protein kinase regulated at the level of expression","volume":"20","author":"Hartwell J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.1999.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.1995.08030369.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(89)90136-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.7.2712"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"165","volume-title":"The Maize Handbook","author":"Langdale J.A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9452(94)90168-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1994.1437","article-title":"Salt induction and the partial purification\/characterization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase protein\u2010serine kinase from an inducible Crassulacean\u2010acid\u2010metabolism (CAM) plant, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L","volume":"314","author":"Li B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. 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