{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:11:09Z","timestamp":1791994269085,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,16]],"date-time":"2008-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1200441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Phytochelatins (PCs) are glutathione\u2010derived peptides that function in heavy metal detoxification in plants and certain fungi. Recent research in Arabidopsis has shown that PCs undergo long\u2010distance transport between roots and shoots. However, it remains unknown which tissues or vascular systems, xylem or phloem, mediate PC translocation and whether PC transport contributes to physiologically relevant long\u2010distance transport of cadmium (Cd) between shoots and roots. To address these questions, xylem and phloem sap were obtained from\n                    <jats:italic>Brassica napus<\/jats:italic>\n                    to quantitatively analyze which thiol species are present in response to Cd exposure. High levels of PCs were identified in the phloem sap within 24\u2003h of Cd exposure using combined mass spectrometry and fluorescence HPLC analyses. Unexpectedly, the concentration of Cd was more than four\u2010fold higher in phloem sap compared to xylem sap. Cadmium exposure dramatically decreased iron levels in xylem and phloem sap whereas other essential heavy metals such as zinc and manganese remained unchanged. Data suggest that Cd inhibits vascular loading of iron but not nicotianamine. The high ratios [PCs]\/[Cd] and [glutathione]\/[Cd] in the phloem sap suggest that PCs and glutathione (GSH) can function as long\u2010distance carriers of Cd. In contrast, only traces of PCs were detected in xylem sap. Our results suggest that, in addition to directional xylem Cd transport, the phloem is a major vascular system for long\u2010distance source to sink transport of Cd as PC\u2013Cd and glutathione\u2013Cd complexes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2008.03410.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]],"date-time":"2008-03-11T00:00:23Z","timestamp":1205193623000},"page":"249-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":327,"title":["Identification of high levels of phytochelatins, glutathione and cadmium in the phloem sap of\n                    <i>Brassica napus<\/i>\n                    . A role for thiol\u2010peptides in the long\u2010distance transport of cadmium and the effect of cadmium on iron translocation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"David G.","family":"Mendoza\u2010C\u00f3zatl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emerald","family":"Butko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin W.","family":"Torpey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Komives","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian 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