{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:01:22Z","timestamp":1782363682915,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]],"date-time":"2012-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1333497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>How viroids, tiny non\u2010protein\u2010coding RNAs (\u223c250\u2013400\u2003nt), incite disease is unclear. One hypothesis is that viroid\u2010derived small RNAs (vd\u2010sRNAs; 21\u201324\u2003nt) resulting from the host defensive response, via RNA silencing, may target for cleavage cell mRNAs and trigger a signal cascade, eventually leading to symptoms. <jats:italic>Peach latent mosaic viroid<\/jats:italic> (PLMVd), a chloroplast\u2010replicating viroid, is particularly appropriate to tackle this question because it induces an albinism (peach calico, PC) strictly associated with variants containing a specific 12\u201314\u2010nt hairpin insertion. By dissecting albino and green leaf sectors of <jats:italic>Prunus persica<\/jats:italic> (peach) seedlings inoculated with PLMVd natural and artificial variants, and cloning their progeny, we have established that the hairpin insertion sequence is involved in PC. Furthermore, using deep sequencing, semi\u2010quantitative RT\u2010PCR and RNA ligase\u2010mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we have determined that two PLMVd\u2010sRNAs containing the PC\u2010associated insertion (PC\u2010sRNA8a and PC\u2010sRNA8b) target for cleavage the mRNA encoding the chloroplastic heat\u2010shock protein\u200390 (cHSP90), thus implicating RNA silencing in the modulation of host gene expression by a viroid. Chloroplast malformations previously reported in PC\u2010expressing tissues are consistent with the downregulation of cHSP90, which participates in chloroplast biogenesis and plastid\u2010to\u2010nucleus signal transduction in Arabidopsis. Besides PC\u2010sRNA8a and PC\u2010sRNA8b, both deriving from the less\u2010abundant PLMVd (\u2212) strand, we have identified other PLMVd\u2010sRNAs potentially targeting peach mRNAs. These results also suggest that sRNAs derived from other PLMVd regions may downregulate additional peach genes, ultimately resulting in other symptoms or in a more favorable host environment for viroid infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313x.2012.04940.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,14]],"date-time":"2012-02-14T15:35:22Z","timestamp":1329233722000},"page":"991-1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["Small RNAs containing the pathogenic determinant of a chloroplast\u2010replicating viroid guide the degradation of a host mRNA as predicted by RNA silencing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Gisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Rodio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Di Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7397","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.9.7397-7406.1998","article-title":"Genomic structure of three phenotypically different isolates of peach latent mosaic viroid: implications of the existence of constraints limiting the heterogeneity of viroid quasi\u2010species","volume":"72","author":"Ambr\u00f3s S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. 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