{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T16:47:07Z","timestamp":1761929227086},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]],"date-time":"2004-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> We evaluated antibody prevalence to measles, polio 1 and 3, and tetanus toxoid antibodies in 8\u20139\u2003year\u2010old children in The Gambia within the framework of the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (GHIS), a large vaccine trial aimed at evaluating vaccine efficacy against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic carriage and primary liver cancer in a high risk population. The results of the present survey were compared with a previous survey performed with the same objectives and same methodology but in different children at 3\u20134\u2003years of age.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Four clusters of 200 children each were sampled as representative of the whole country. Children would have received BCG, diphtheria\u2013pertussis\u2013tetanus vaccine (DPT), poliovirus vaccine (OPV), measles and yellow fever immunization. The measles haemoagglutination inhibition test (HAI) was used to detect measles antibody. Antibodies to polioviruses 1 and 3 were tested using the standard polio neutralization assay described in the EPI manual (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#b18\">WHO 1990<\/jats:ext-link>). An enzyme\u2010linked immuno\u2010sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure tetanus toxoid antibodies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> A high proportion of children were fully vaccinated in both age groups. Measles antibody concentrations were \u22641\u2003:\u20038 in 8.2% of 8\u20139\u2003year\u2010old vaccinated children. In the previous survey of 3\u20134\u2003year\u2010old children this was 11.3%. In the present survey, GMC was lower than in the 3\u20134\u2003year\u2010old children; 88% of 3\u20134\u2003year\u2010olds and 89% of 8\u20139\u2003year\u2010olds had detectable antibody levels against poliovirus type 1. Fewer children at 8\u20139\u2003years of age had antibodies against poliovirus type 3 than 3\u20134\u2003year\u2010olds (78%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 89%<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). A significant overall lower proportion of 8\u20139\u2003year\u2010old children had detectable tetanus toxoid antibodies compared to 3\u20134\u2003year\u2010old children (87%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 95%<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), as well as those who received four doses of DPT (90%<jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>. 97%<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> High vaccine coverage is achieved in The Gambia with EPI. With time the number of vaccinated children who are not protected against measles, poliovirus 3 and tetanus increases. Besides the maintenance of high vaccine coverage in infants and young children, booster doses of some of the EPI vaccines in adolescents should be considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]],"date-time":"2004-10-13T13:20:44Z","timestamp":1097673644000},"page":"1044-1049","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["EPI vaccines\u2010induced antibody prevalence in 8\u20139\u2003year\u2010olds in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Viviani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maimuna","family":"Mendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoulie D.","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruggero","family":"Montesano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilton C.","family":"Whittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organizationhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/vaccines\u2010surveillance\/graphics\/htmls\/covreg.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organizationhttp:\/\/www.who.int\/vaccines\/globalsummary\/immunization\/CountryProfileResults.cfm."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90139-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)93137-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90564-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"Immunological Basis for Immunisation. Part B. Tetanus","author":"Galazka A","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"1057","article-title":"The Gambia Hepatitis Study Group. Hepatitis B vaccine in the expanded programme of immunisation: the Gambian experience","author":"Hall AJ","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.576","article-title":"Immunity to tetanus and diphtheria in rural Africa","volume":"56","author":"Kurtzhals JA","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medical Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.545"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/368032"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199503000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.1.104-109.1983","article-title":"Rapid quantitative microenzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay for tetanus antibodies","volume":"18","author":"Sedgwick AK","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"5782","article-title":"The Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study","volume":"47","author":"The Gambia Hepatitis Study Group","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00001-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(99)00178-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)90873-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)02364-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Virological Investigation of Poliomyelitis","author":"WHO [Expanded Programme on Immunization and Division of Communicable Disease]","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2004.01313.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T02:55:28Z","timestamp":1696906528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01313.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}