{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:06:54Z","timestamp":1791493614471,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,9]],"date-time":"2004-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1102550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010\n                    <jats:italic>tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    co\u2010infection is not uncommon in clinical practice in East Africa, but little is known about the epidemiology of this problem at population level. A cross\u2010sectional household survey was carried out in an active visceral leishmaniasis (VL) focus in Eastern Sudan in February 2002.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    All inhabitants of Marbata village in Atbara River Area, Gedarif State, who gave informed consent, underwent both a leishmanin skin test (LST) and a tuberculin test for infection with\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . All subjects were clinically screened for VL and tuberculosis (TB).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    About 66% (252 of 382) were LST\u2010positive, 26% (100 of 382) were tuberculin\u2010positive and 20% (77 of 382) were positive for both tests. By the age of 15, more than 60% of inhabitants were LST\u2010positive, but &lt;20% were tuberculin\u2010positive. By the age of 30, these percentages increased to 100 and 50%. No association was found at the individual level between leishmanial and tuberculous infection after controlling for age.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    In this community study, we found no association between the risk of infection with\n                    <jats:italic>L. donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . However, the progression to active VL disease might be different in\n                    <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected than in non\u2010infected persons and vice versa. Prospective studies are needed to document the prognosis of TB\/VL co\u2010infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01337.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,29]],"date-time":"2004-12-29T13:52:49Z","timestamp":1104328369000},"page":"1305-1311","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Infection rates with\n                    <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    in a village in eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sayda Hassan","family":"El\u2010Safi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuha","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel\u2010Haleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awad","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein Gad","family":"Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90294-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Recent observations on the epidemiology of kala\u2010azar in the Eastern and Central States of the Sudan","volume":"47","author":"El\u2010Hassan AM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: II. 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