{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T10:26:04Z","timestamp":1791109564111,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1105488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> Neurological deficits are reported in children after cerebral malaria (CM) but little is known about the prevalence and characteristics of persisting neurocognitive consequences. The prevalence of developmental impairments following other complications of falciparum malaria, such as multiple, prolonged or focal seizures, is not known. Thus, our objective was to investigate the long\u2010term developmental outcome of CM and malaria with complicated seizures (M\/S).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> We followed up a cohort of children previously exposed to CM or M\/S and children unexposed to either condition. All children between 6 and 9\u2003years of age, exposed to CM, and an equal number of children exposed to M\/S were identified from databases of hospital admissions from 1991 to 1998. The unexposed group was randomly selected from a census database. The children's performance was measured using assessments of cognition, motor, speech and language, hearing and vision. A parental questionnaire was used to identify children with epilepsy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> CM group scores were significantly lower than unexposed group scores on the assessments of higher level language (adjusted mean difference \u22121.63, 95% CI: \u22122.99 to \u22120.27), vocabulary (\u22120.02, 95% CI: \u22120.04 to \u22120.01), pragmatics (OR 2.81, 95% CI: 1.04\u20137.6) and non\u2010verbal functioning (\u22120.33, 95% CI: \u22120.61 to \u22120.06). The areas of significantly reduced functioning for the M\/S group were concentrated on phonology (OR 2.74, 95% CI: 1.26\u20135.95), pragmatics (OR 3.23, 95% CI: 1.2\u20138.71) and behaviour (OR 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0\u20133.23). The performance of the active epilepsy group was significantly poorer than that of the group without epilepsy on the tests of comprehension, syntax, pragmatics, word finding, memory, attention, behaviour and motor skills.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> CM and M\/S are associated with developmental impairments. If these impairments persist, this may have implications for least 250\u2003000 children in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa each year. Active epilepsy significantly increases the risk of cognitive and behavioural problems in children with a history of severe malaria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]],"date-time":"2005-01-12T11:45:41Z","timestamp":1105530341000},"page":"3-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Carter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G. R.","family":"Neville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Obiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis","family":"Katana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mung'ala\u2010Odera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet A.","family":"Lees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R. J. C.","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198702263160901"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200210000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90420-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92498-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","unstructured":"CarterJA(2002)Epilepsy and developmental impairments following severe malaria in Kenyan children: a study of their prevalence relationships clues to pathogenesis and service requirements.PhD Thesis University of London London."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0269905021000038447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.043893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1757-7_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90072-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70135-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90368-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Seasons and Nutrition at the Kenya Coast","author":"Hoorweg J","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Childhood and Adversity. Psychological Perspectives from South African Research","author":"Kvalsvig J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"520","volume-title":"Developmental\u2010Behavioural Pediatrics","author":"Levine MD","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"Lezak MD","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.6.1521"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505253322102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Practical Approaches to Childhood Disability in Developing Countries: Insights from Experience and Research","author":"Mbise AS","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"441","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic indicators in paediatric cerebral malaria: a study of 131 comatose Malawian children","volume":"71","author":"Molyneux ME","year":"1989","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(98)00008-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90207-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.4.672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07414.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.3.783"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Childhood and Adversity. Perspectives from South African Research","author":"Richter L","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1995.tb12038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90118-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","volume-title":"The Public Health Burden of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Africa: Deriving the Numbers","author":"Snow RW","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Practical Approaches to Childhood Disability in Developing Countries: Insights from Experience and Research","author":"Thorburn MJ","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5324.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90120-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","volume-title":"Report on Infectious Diseases: Scaling up the Response to Infectious Diseases. A Way Out of Poverty","author":"WHO","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","volume-title":"The Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test for Children","author":"Wilson B","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2004.01345.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T07:12:20Z","timestamp":1696921940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}