{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T15:11:23Z","timestamp":1791040283098,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]],"date-time":"2005-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To identify environmental factors that could serve to predict <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> infection patterns and thus guide control efforts in the absence of epidemiological information; to assess whether <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> infection is positively associated with the soil clay content.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Information on <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> infection and re\u2010infection in a cohort of primary schoolchildren and interview data on their socioeconomic background and behaviour were combined with environmental data using a geographical information system (GIS). Multivariate models served to explore the covariation of environmental and infection patterns adjusted for possible confounders.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Prevalence maps and spatial statistics revealed considerable spatial clustering of infection in the small study area. Logistic multivariate regression models showed strong positive associations of infection with vegetation density measured as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at baseline [odds ratio (OR) for a 10% increase: 1.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.24\u20132.68; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.002] and after re\u2010infection (OR: 2.22; 95% CI: 1.71\u20132.87; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). We also found a strong negative association of re\u2010infection with the sun exposure of the soil surface as estimated from digital elevation models (OR: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.88; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). The soil clay content was only moderately positively associated with infection and re\u2010infection. Socioeconomic and behavioural variables, although correlated with <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> infection, did not appear to confound the above associations in the demographically homogeneous study area. Spatial analysis of the model residuals suggested that as the models accounted for most of the spatial pattern, the model standard errors should not be affected by spatial clustering.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> NDVI seems to have a high potential for the prediction of <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> infection as it was strongly associated with infection patterns in the study area. Further advantages are that NDVI information is easy to use, affordable and available with global coverage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01406.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]],"date-time":"2005-04-28T15:25:21Z","timestamp":1114701921000},"page":"412-422","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Ecological covariates of <i>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/i> infection in schoolchildren from rural KwaZulu\u2010Natal, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elmar","family":"Saathoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane D.","family":"Kvalsvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris C.","family":"Appleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immo","family":"Kleinschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1996.11813042"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3273923"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Biology of soil\u2010transmitted helminths: the massive infection","volume":"12","author":"Beaver PC","year":"1975","journal-title":"Health Laboratory Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Using NOAA\u2010AVHRR data to model human helminth distributions in planning disease control in Cameroon, West Africa","volume":"68","author":"Brooker S","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Mapping soil\u2010transmitted helminths in Southeast Asia and implications for parasite control","volume":"34","author":"Brooker S","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical Linear Models","author":"Bryk AS","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-9.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Maps 2632CC, 2632CD, 2732AA, 2732AB","author":"Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Spatial Autocorrelation","author":"Cliff AD","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Spatial Processes \u2013 Models and Applications","author":"Cliff AD","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01396-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Ascariasis and Its Prevention and Control","author":"Crompton DW","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Ascariasis and Its Prevention and Control","author":"Crompton DW","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/149.10.542","article-title":"Predicting areas endemic for schistosomiasis using weather variables and a Landsat data base","volume":"149","author":"Cross ER","year":"1984","journal-title":"Military Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954339"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"GTOPO30: Global Digital Elevation Model","author":"EROS Data Center","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"ArcView GIS 3.2","author":"ESRI","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"GS+, 3.10.2 Beta","author":"Gamma Design Software","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90934-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Multilevel Statistical Models","author":"Goldstein H","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/143157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology","author":"Hay SI","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Population Census 1996 \u2013 Enumerator Area Database","author":"Hirschowitz R","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.12.1213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00790.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Land Types of the Map 2632 Mkuze","author":"Land Type Survey Staff","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90431-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"170","article-title":"The distribution and survival of eggs of Ascaris suum in six different natural soil profiles","volume":"38","author":"Mizgajska H","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Parasitologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"New geographical approaches to control of some parasitic zoonoses","volume":"73","author":"Mott KE","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1403425"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Tools for spatial data analysis","volume":"60","author":"Pisati M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stata Technical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47010-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47007-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(00)47008-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90413-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-27"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-40"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","article-title":"Ecological covariates of hookworm infection and reinfection in rural KwaZulu\u2010Natal\/South Africa \u2013 a GIS based study","author":"Saathoff E","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections in black scholars in northern KwaZulu","volume":"60","author":"Schutte CHJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 7.0","author":"Stata Corp.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"Stata Users Guide. Release 7.0","author":"Stata Corp.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200006282X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"The elimination of spurious correlation due to position in time or space","volume":"10","author":"\u2018Student\u2019 (W.S. Gosset)","year":"1914","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Idrisi32 GIS Software, Release I32.22","author":"The Idrisi Project","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105598"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","volume-title":"Soil Transmitted Helminths \u2013 Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Helminthiases","author":"WHO","year":"1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","volume-title":"Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology","author":"WHO","year":"1991"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2005.01406.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01406.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T06:25:00Z","timestamp":1696919100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01406.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01406.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01406.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,28]]}}}