{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:57:10Z","timestamp":1789181830475,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1135123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To assess the field accuracy, reproducibility and feasibility of the formol gel test (FGT), the urine latex agglutination test (KAtex) and a rK39 antigen\u2010based dipstick for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in rural Nepal.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> Patients with clinical suspicion of VL were recruited at Rangeli District Hospital (DH), a 15\u2010bed government hospital located in south\u2010eastern Nepal. FGT, KAtex and rK39 dipstick tests were performed on site and later repeated at a reference kala\u2010azar diagnostic laboratory to assess reproducibility. Diagnosis of VL was confirmed by either a positive bone marrow aspirate examination or a positive direct agglutination test (DAT titre \u22651:3200) in patients who later responded to anti\u2010leishmanial therapy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Of 155 patients initially recruited, 142 (85 with VL and 57 with another diagnosis) were included in the study. The sensitivity of the rK39 dipstick [89%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 81\u201394] was significantly higher than that of the KAtex (57%; 95% CI: 46\u201367) and the FGT (52%; 95% CI: 41\u201362). All three tests had a specificity of at least 90%. Agreement was higher for the rK39 dipstick (<jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.87) than for the FGT (0.68) and the KAtex (0.43). All tests required \u226420\u2003min of actual work and \u226440\u2003min to obtain the results.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> The rK39 dipstick was easy to do, more accurate and reproducible than other rapid diagnostic tests for VL in a DH of rural Nepal. It should be integrated into the field diagnostic algorithm of VL in this region and mechanisms to secure its availability should be found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01533.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,21]],"date-time":"2005-12-21T13:28:29Z","timestamp":1135171709000},"page":"31-40","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Field validity, reproducibility and feasibility of diagnostic tests for visceral leishmaniasis in rural Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Chappuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uma 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