{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T08:50:31Z","timestamp":1794646231916,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,5]],"date-time":"2006-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To identify possible synergistic associations of hookworm and other helminths.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> Cross\u2010sectional survey of all households within 10\u2003km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> of Americaninhas, a rural community in Minas Gerais, Brazil. We determined the prevalence and intensity of single and multiple helminth species infection in an age\u2010stratified sample of 1332 individuals from 335 households.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Hookworm was the most prevalent helminth infection (68.2%), followed by <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> (48.8%) and <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> (45.3%). Overall, 60.6% of individuals harboured mixed helminth infections. Multivariate analysis indicated significant positive associations for co\u2010infection with hookworm and <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> and for co\u2010infection with hookworm and <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>. Co\u2010infections with hookworm and <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> resulted in higher egg counts for both, suggesting a synergistic relationship between these species, although, we found important age differences in this relationship. However, the intensity of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> co\u2010infection did not differ from that of mono\u2010infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> These results have implications for the epidemiology, immunology and control of multiple helminth infections. More research is needed to examine the rates of re\u2010infection and immune responses after chemotherapy, and to what extent the effects of polyparasitism are altered by chemotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01541.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,5]],"date-time":"2006-01-05T10:16:03Z","timestamp":1136456163000},"page":"56-64","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fiona M.","family":"Fleming","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Brooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan M.","family":"Geiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iramaya R.","family":"Caldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Correa\u2010Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J","family":"Hotez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000077131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118209700190X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"157","article-title":"Epidemiology of single and multiple species of helminth infections among school children in Busia District, Kenya","volume":"77","author":"Brooker S","year":"2000","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(04)58004-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Epidemiology of poly\u2010parasitism: I. 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