{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:56:11Z","timestamp":1787014571342,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1143072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    To determine the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections in active tuberculosis patients and their healthy household contacts and to assess its association with active TB in an area endemic for both types of infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Smear\u2010positive pulmonary TB patients and healthy household contacts were tested for intestinal helminths using direct microscopy and the formol\u2010ether concentration techniques. Three consecutive stool samples were examined before the start of TB chemotherapy. Sputum microscopy was done using the sodium hypochlorite concentration techniques. Participants were also tested for HIV by commercial sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study population consisted of 230 smear\u2010positive TB patients and 510 healthy household contacts. The prevalence of intestinal helminths was 71% in patients and 36% in controls. HIV seroprevalence was significantly higher in patients than in controls (46.7%\n                    <jats:italic>vs<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 11.6%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Conditional logistic regression analysis showed a strong association between TB and intestinal helminth infection (OR\u2003=\u20034.2, 95% CI 2.7\u20135.9,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003&lt;\u20030.001), and between TB and HIV infection (OR\u2003=\u20037.8, 95% CI 4.8\u201312.6,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). The odds of being a TB patient increased with the number of helminth species per person: in individuals with mono\u2010infection it was 4.3 (95% CI 2.8\u20136.8); in people infected with two species was 4.7 (95% CI 2.5\u20138.7), and in patients infected with three or more helminths was 12.2 (3.9\u201352.6).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Intestinal helminth infection may be one of the risk factors for the development of active pulmonary TB in addition to HIV infection. This finding may have important implications in the control of TB in helminth endemic areas of the world.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]],"date-time":"2006-03-23T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1143093663000},"page":"551-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getahun","family":"Mengistu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Akuffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383787a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"435","article-title":"Gender disparity amongst TB suspects and new TB patients according to data recorded at the South African Institute of Medical Research Laboratory for the Western Cape Region of South Africa","volume":"8","author":"Austin JF","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01499-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"The use of geographic information system to evaluate the distribution of TB in high incidence community","volume":"86","author":"Beyers N","year":"1996","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0141-9838.2004.00730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818357.ch24"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(95)80096-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315830"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"191","volume-title":"District laboratory practice in tropical countries","author":"Cheesbrough M","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.181.2.769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhd.v14i3.9900"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"517","article-title":"Influence of social inequality, social unrest and extreme poverty on tuberculosis morbidity in the City of Barcelona","volume":"75","author":"Diaz de Quijano E","year":"2001","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.852"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.5.623"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01446.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.09.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02719.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00063-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90491-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.7.4034-4042.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.11.5167-5174.1998","article-title":"Altered immune responses in mice With concomitant S. mansoni and P. Chabaudi infections","volume":"66","author":"Helmby H","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.3157"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151174198"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative prevalence of some common intestinal helminth infections in different altitudinal regions in Ethiopia","volume":"36","author":"Jemaneh L","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116752"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20020556"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"958","article-title":"Socio\u2010economic factors and tuberculosis: a district\u2010based ecological analysis in Hong Kong","volume":"8","author":"Leung CC","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200206)32:6<1605::AID-IMMU1605>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2004.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030654"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.2.1224"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"983","article-title":"The increasing burden of tuberculosis in pregnant women, newborns and infants under 6\u2003months of age in Durban, KwaZulu\u2010Natal","volume":"91","author":"Pillay T","year":"2001","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60405-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00090702"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00909.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000500020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379370"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03206-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Unexpectedly high strain diversity of M. tuberculosis in a high incidence community","volume":"86","author":"Warren R","year":"1996","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing","author":"WHO","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T08:11:42Z","timestamp":1697271102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,23]]}}}