{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:55:00Z","timestamp":1767192900712,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,10]],"date-time":"2006-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1152489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several highland areas in eastern Africa have recently suffered from serious malaria epidemics. Some models predict that, in the short term, these areas will experience more epidemics as a result of global warming. However, the various processes underlying these changes are poorly understood. We therefore investigated malaria prevalence, malaria vector densities and malaria vector survival in a highland area in western Kenya, ranging from approximately 1550\u20131650\u2003m altitude. Although only five adult malaria vectors were collected during 180 light traps and 180 resting collections over a 23\u2010month study period, malaria was prevalent among school children (average parasite prevalence: 10%). During an extensive survey of potential larval habitats, we identified only seven habitats containing<jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>Giles s.l. larvae. Their limited number and low larval densities suggested that their contribution to the adult vector population was small. Experiments on adult and larval survival showed that at this altitude, adult mosquitoes survived inside local houses, but that larval development was severely retarded: only 2 of 500<jats:italic>A. gambiae<\/jats:italic>s.l. larvae developed to the pupal stage, whereas all other larvae died prior to pupation. At present, high vector densities are unlikely because of unfavourable abiotic conditions in the area. However, temporary favourable conditions, such as during El Ni\u00f1o years, may increase larval vector survival and may lead to malaria epidemics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01675.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,10]],"date-time":"2006-07-10T18:00:08Z","timestamp":1152554408000},"page":"1195-1205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Low larval vector survival explains unstable malaria in the western Kenya highlands"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"C. J. M.","family":"Koenraadt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. P.","family":"Paaijmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Takken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00724.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.459","article-title":"Field evaluation of an enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite detection in anopheline mosquitoes from Kenya","volume":"36","author":"Beier JC","year":"1987","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1988.tb00193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.783","article-title":"Identification of Plasmodium falciparum\u2010infected mosquitoes by a double antibody enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay","volume":"33","author":"Burkot TR","year":"1984","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2402401"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x","article-title":"Regression models and life tables","volume":"34","author":"Cox DR","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80020-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71623-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"The incidence of malaria at high altitudes","volume":"7","author":"Garnham PCC","year":"1948","journal-title":"Journal of the National Malaria Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300055309"},{"volume-title":"A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara","year":"1987","author":"Gillies MT","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300056339"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415905a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02374-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300017879"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Pathogens, parasites and predators of medically important arthropods. Annotated list and bibliography","volume":"30","author":"Jenkins DW","year":"1964","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2532873","volume-title":"Survival Analysis \u2013 A Self\u2010Learning Text","author":"Kleinbaum DG","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203412152"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90344-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.5.664"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Malaria in the African highlands: past, present and future","volume":"76","author":"Lindsay SW","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485300053268"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.1992.tb01583.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"201","volume-title":"The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria","author":"Macdonald G.","year":"1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2001131","article-title":"How reliable are light traps in estimating biting rates of adult Anopheles gambiae s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) in the presence of treated bed nets?","volume":"92","author":"Magbity EB","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of Entomological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980422"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.5.936"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.595"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"260","article-title":"Evaluation of light traps for sampling anopheline mosquitoes in Kilifi, Kenya","volume":"9","author":"Mbogo CN","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.6.833"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Evolution of malaria in Africa for the past 40 years: impact of climatic and human factors","volume":"14","author":"Mouchet J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/420627a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415710a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.49.520"},{"volume-title":"Mosquito Ecology. Field Sampling Methods","year":"1993","author":"Service MW","key":"e_1_2_6_42_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90310-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1998.00282.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/183198a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","first-page":"377","article-title":"Proportionality between light trap catches and biting densities of malaria vectors","volume":"11","author":"Smith T.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01814-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.80","article-title":"Relationships between the outcome of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the intensity of transmission in Africa","volume":"71","author":"Smith T","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01395-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.639"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90302-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308714100"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01675.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01675.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T21:13:28Z","timestamp":1736457208000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01675.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01675.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01675.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1360-2276"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-3156"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,24]]}}}