{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T17:07:04Z","timestamp":1788196024274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1154995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To verify reported construction of 22\u2003385 household latrines in 2004, after community mobilization, as part of a trachoma control programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia, and to explore characteristics of early latrine adopters and non\u2010adopters.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> We used a two\u2010stage cluster sample survey design to randomly select eight sub\u2010districts and 160 households listed as having built a latrine, and visited them to verify presence and use. Household heads were interviewed to determine latrine cost and knowledge, attitude and practice regarding latrines. Non\u2010latrine adopting neighbours were interviewed for comparison. We estimated district latrine ownership and calculated adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with latrine use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Latrines were present in 87% (95% CI 77\u201397) of listed households; 90% (81\u201399) were in use. Among all district residents we estimated ownership as 50.2% (44\u201356) and use as 45.2% (36\u201355). Of latrine owners who had built in 2004, 69% (53\/77) had spent nothing on their latrine, those who paid spent an average of US$4.0 [standard deviation (SD) US$3.6]; overall the median cost was US$0 and the mean US$0.80 (SD US$1.7). Household heads adopting latrines were 1.9 times (95% CI 1.3\u20132.8) more likely to have any education and 1.5 times (95% CI 1.1\u20132.0) more likely to have a larger family than non\u2010adopting neighbours. Cleanliness (48%, 56\/116) and health benefits (42%, 49\/116) were the most frequently reported advantages of latrines.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> The latrine promotion programme dramatically increased latrine access and use at very low cost. The method of community mobilization used could be an effective way of reaching millennium development sanitation targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01689.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]],"date-time":"2006-08-08T08:01:19Z","timestamp":1155024079000},"page":"1406-1415","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Follow\u2010up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara, Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non\u2010adopters"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rosalyn","family":"O'Loughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gashu","family":"Fentie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Flannery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)61029-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3362\/0262-8104.2004.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.75.6.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00606-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Structured observations of hygiene behavious in Burkina Faso: validity, variability, and utility","volume":"71","author":"Curtis V","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation. 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Indonesia, Water and Sanitation Program \u2013 East Asia and the Pacific","author":"Mukherjee N","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"258","article-title":"Preventing trachoma through environmental sanitation","volume":"78","author":"Pr\u00fcss A","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organisation"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"844","article-title":"Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002","volume":"82","author":"Resnikoff S","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"27th WEDC Conference. People and Systems for Water, Sanitation and Health","author":"Sengupta C","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","volume-title":"Pit Latrines for All Households: The Experience of Hulet Eju Enessie Woreda","author":"Shiferaw A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13909-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Health, Dignity, and Development: What Will it Take","author":"Task Force on Water and Sanitation","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Global data on blindness","volume":"73","author":"Thylefors B","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Report of the First Meeting of the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma","author":"WHO","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","unstructured":"WHO(2005)Fact Sheet 3.1. 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