{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T14:41:57Z","timestamp":1773153717373,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]],"date-time":"2006-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To document the frequency of <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> infection at community level in a highly endemic region in southeastern Nepal, and to assess socioeconomic and environmental risk factors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> A random cross\u2010sectional population survey was held in two visceral leishmaniasis (VL) foci in Morang District in April to May 2003, enrolling individuals 2\u2003years or older and residing in the endemic area for at least 12\u2003months. <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection was defined as a direct agglutination test (DAT) titre equal to or higher than 1:3200. Risk factors were identified by logistic regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The direct agglutination test was positive in 7.5% (95% CI: 5.1\u201310.8) and the leishmanin skin test (LST) in 13.2% (95% CI: 9.9\u201317.2) of the 373 study participants. No case of current kala\u2010azar was found, but 5.1 % (95% CI: 3.1\u20137.8) reported having suffered from VL. Independent risk factors for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection were proximity of the house to ponds [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% CI: 1.6\u20138.5], family size (OR 4.4, 95% CI: 1.6\u201312.6), age 15\u2003years (OR 5.5, 95% CI: 1.2\u201325.0) and house constructed in mud (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1\u20137.6). Bednets, not impregnated and in poor condition, were used by 95.2% (95% CI: 92.3\u201397.0) of the population, but did not show any protective effect.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study shows that there is a serious problem of transmission of VL in this area of Nepal. The risk factors identified are linked with the socioeconomic level and the environment. The population would benefit from a community intervention to improve the environmental and housing conditions in the villages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01735.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]],"date-time":"2006-10-03T11:05:01Z","timestamp":1159873501000},"page":"1792-1799","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern Nepal: A cross\u2010sectional survey on <i>Leishmania donovani<\/i> infection and its risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"Schenkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siddhartha","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shekhar","family":"Koirala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Vanlerberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Van der Stuyft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Gramiccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"Potential of a direct agglutination test (DAT) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis in a known endemic area in Sudan","volume":"40","author":"Abdel\u2010Hameed AA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Kala\u2010azar in Nepal: Principles, Practice and Public Health Perspectives","author":"Bista MB","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120041071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"207","article-title":"Immunosuppression in Kenyan visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"51","author":"Ho M","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"583","article-title":"Evaluation of direct agglutination test (DAT) as an immunodiagnostic tool for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal","volume":"30","author":"Joshi AB","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","volume-title":"Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods","author":"Kleinbaum DG","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about kala\u2010azar and its sandfly vector in rural communities of Nepal","volume":"76","author":"Koirala S","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Field trial of an ecological approach for the control of Phlebotomus argentipes using mud and lime plaster","volume":"101","author":"Kumar V","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","volume-title":"Evaluation of Pyrethroid Impregnated Bednets for Control of Anthroponotic Cutanious Leishmaniasis in BAM (Islamic Republic of Iran)","author":"Nadim A","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90153-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90125-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Biting rhythm & biting activity of phlebotomid sandflies","volume":"95","author":"Srinivasan R","year":"1992","journal-title":"The Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","volume-title":"Recommended Surveillance Standards","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; 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