{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T22:39:02Z","timestamp":1769812742676,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]],"date-time":"2006-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1160956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> The direct agglutination test (DAT) for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) with liquid (LQ) antigen is known to be only moderately reproducible because of inter\u2010observer and batch\u2010to\u2010batch variability as well as its sensitivity to temperature and shaking during transport. We evaluated a DAT with freeze\u2010dried (FD) antigen and compared it with the LQ antigen version.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Blood samples of clinical VL suspects and healthy endemic controls were collected in Sudan, Nepal and India. Both test versions were performed in duplicate in the respective countries and in the reference laboratory. Interbatch variability and stability tests were conducted and agreement was examined within and between centres on a dichotomic scale by Cohen's kappa as well as on a continuous scale through Bland\u2013Altman plots.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The FD antigen remains fully active even after storage at 45\u2003\u00b0C for 24\u2003months. Using a cut\u2010off titre of 1\u2003:\u20036400, the agreement between the FD and the LQ formats was excellent.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> The major advantages of FD antigen are its better stability at higher temperatures and its longer shelf life, which make it much more suitable than the LQ version for use in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01743.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,17]],"date-time":"2006-10-17T07:55:33Z","timestamp":1161071733000},"page":"1777-1784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Comparative evaluation of freeze\u2010dried and liquid antigens in the direct agglutination test for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (ITMA\u2010DAT\/VL)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Diane","family":"Jacquet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Seaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Menten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026256"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.2.322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90149-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.26.7.1321-1325.1988","article-title":"Improvement of a direct agglutination test for field studies of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"26","author":"Harith AE","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80099-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2683468"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.7.1742-1745.1995","article-title":"Leish\u2010KIT, a stable direct agglutination test based on freeze dried antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"33","author":"Meredith SEO","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90021-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.862"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90086-R"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01743.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01743.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T03:13:03Z","timestamp":1696907583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01743.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01743.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01743.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,16]]}}}