{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:47:22Z","timestamp":1792806442158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]],"date-time":"2007-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1169683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To estimate the prevalence and causes of vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD) in adult male prisoners in Nakuru, Kenya.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 1048 male prisoners aged \u226516\u2003years in Nakuru Government of Kenya prison in Nakuru, Kenya were examined by an ophthalmologist for signs of xerophthalmia. Two hundred and forty\u2010one cases with xerophthalmia and 448 controls randomly selected from the remaining prison population were interviewed about risk factors for xerophthalmia and blood samples were taken to measure serum retinol and haemoglobin.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> 23.6% (95% CI\u2003=\u200321.1\u201326.3%) of examined inmates showed at least one sign of xerophthalmia, mostly night blindness (98.8% of cases). In the case\u2013control study, the age\u2010adjusted analyses showed that xerophthalmia was associated with age, length of imprisonment and previous imprisonment. Men with xerophthalmia were significantly more likely be in poor health characterised by significant illness, recent hospital admission, persistent cough, diarrhoea, fever or chronic illness. After multivariate adjustment, duration of imprisonment remained strongly associated with xerophthalmia (OR comparing &gt;4\u2003years with &lt;6\u2003months\u2003=\u200320.1, 95% CI\u2003=\u20038.3\u201348.8). Previous imprisonment, fever, diarrhoea, hospital admission and chronic illness were also significant predictors. Serum retinol levels were significantly lower in cases than controls, while there was no difference in haemoglobin levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> Vitamin A deficiency was a significant public health problem among these Kenyan male prisoners, indicating that it may be important in vulnerable groups other than young children and pregnant or lactating women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T22:04:07Z","timestamp":1281564247000},"page":"269-273","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vitamin A deficiency in a Kenyan prison"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wanjiku","family":"Mathenge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Kuper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Myatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000072400"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200103300-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"476","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency among Kenyan children as detected by conjunctival impression cytology","volume":"80","author":"Munene RM","year":"2003","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Anaemia and Status of Iron, Vitamin A and Zinc in Kenya. The 1999 National Survey","author":"Mwaniki DL","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/eamj.v82i6.9301"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"421","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency in pre\u2010school children in Kenya","volume":"77","author":"Ngare DK","year":"2000","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3972S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2845S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2857S"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2005825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Global Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency. Micronutrient Deficiency Information System, MDIS Working Paper #2, WHO\/NUT\/95.3","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","volume-title":"Indicators for Assessing Vitamin A Deficiency and their Application in Monitoring and Evaluating Intervention Programmes. WHO. WHO\/NUT\/96.10, \u2010 666","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1996"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2006.01780.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T02:15:53Z","timestamp":1696904153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01780.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,25]]}}}