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To estimate the protective effect of the ITN, we evaluated coverage and use of ITN, and analysed VL incidence by village from March 1996 to June 2002. We provided ITN to 94% of the individuals &gt;5\u2003years old. Two years later, 44% (95% CI 39\u201348%) of nets were reasonably intact. Because ITN were mainly used as protection against nuisance mosquitoes, bednet use during the VL transmission season ranged from &lt;10% during the hot dry months to 55% during the beginning of the rainy season. ITN were put up from 9 to 11 p.m., leaving children unprotected during a significant period of sandfly\u2010biting hours after sunset. Regression analysis of incidence data from 114 villages demonstrated a significant reduction of VL by village and month following ITN provision. The greatest effect was 17\u201320\u2003months post\u2010intervention, with VL cases reduced by 59% (95% CI: 25\u201378%). An estimated 1060 VL cases were prevented between June 1999 and January 2001, a mean protective effect of 27%. Although results need to be interpreted with caution, this analysis indicates a potentially strong reduction in VL incidence following a community distribution of ITN. The effectiveness of ITN depends on behavioural factors, which differ between communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01807.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T22:18:29Z","timestamp":1281565109000},"page":"404-414","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine\u2010mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Koert","family":"Ritmeijer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clive","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Van Zorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shr\u2010Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Schorscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salah Ibrahim","family":"Dongu'du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert N.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Evaluation of protective efficacy of K\u2010OTAB impregnated bednets for cutaneous leishmaniasis control in Southeast Anatolia\u2010Turkey","volume":"28","author":"Alten B","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Vector Ecolocy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040718"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00026-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"ElnaiemDA(1996)Use of pyrethroid impregnated bednets for control of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan. 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