{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:13:09Z","timestamp":1789629189133,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,30]],"date-time":"2007-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Resistance of\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to chloroquine (CQ) is determined by the mutation at K76T of the\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    chloroquine resistance transporter (\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene and modified by other mutations in this gene and in the\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    multidrug resistance 1 (\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    1) gene. To determine the extent of polymorphisms in these genes in field\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from Yunnan province of China, we genotyped the\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    codon 76,\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 codons 86 and 1246. Our results showed that although CQ has been withdrawn from treating falciparum malaria for over two decades, 90.3% of the parasites still carried the\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    K76T mutation. In contrast, mutations at\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 codons 86 and 1246 were rare. Sequencing analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene in 34 parasite field isolates revealed CVIET at positions 72\u201376 as the major type, consistent with the theory of Southeast Asian origin of CQ resistance in the parasite. In addition, two novel\n                    <jats:italic>pfcrt<\/jats:italic>\n                    haplotypes (75D\/144Y\/220A and 75E\/144Y\/220A) were identified. Real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 gene amplification, which is associated with mefloquine resistance. Our result indicated that in agreement with that mefloquine has not been used in this area, most (&gt;90%) of the parasites had one\n                    <jats:italic>pfmdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 copy. Genotyping at two hypervariable loci showed relatively low levels of genetic diversity of the parasite population. Meanwhile, 28.4% of cases were found to contain mixed clones, which favour genetic recombination. Furthermore, despite a unique history of antimalarial drugs in Yunnan, its geographical connections with three malarious countries facilitate gene flow among parasite populations and evolution of novel drug\u2010resistant genotypes. Therefore, continuous surveillance of drug resistance in this area is necessary for timely adjustment of local drug policies and more effective malaria control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01882.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T17:57:12Z","timestamp":1281549432000},"page":"1051-1060","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Molecular analysis of chloroquine resistance in\n                    <i>Plasmodium falciparum<\/i>\n                    in Yunnan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zhaoqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenlin","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwang","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080665"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.4.1391-1394.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01099.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3500-3505.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.2102-2105.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003002981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200101253440403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182096008487"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2004.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-5-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(05)00077-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"In 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