{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T02:14:54Z","timestamp":1768875294801,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"s2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,14]],"date-time":"2007-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1194998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To assess the risk of skin disease among farmers occupationally exposed to wastewater.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> One\u2010year follow\u2010up study with monthly assessments of wastewater exposure and skin disease in Nam Dinh, northern Vietnam, in two adjacent communes with contrasting levels of wastewater use. In each commune, 200 households were randomly selected.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Of the 1103 individuals aged \u226515\u2003years, 381 reported a skin problem at baseline or at any of the monthly visits, primarily dermatitis (eczema) and superficial fungal infections. Among the 874 subjects who were free from skin disease at baseline and who could be followed up \u226511\u2003months, 183 developed a new skin disease (cumulative incidence 21%). Exposure to wastewater was a major risk factor for skin disease with a relative risk (RR) of 1.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.39\u20132.57] in multivariable analysis. Other risk factors for skin disease were involvement in agriculture in general (RR\u2003=\u20032.59, 95% CI 1.11\u20136.02), flower cultivation (RR\u2003=\u20031.36, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.83), vegetable farming (RR\u2003=\u20031.47, 95% CI 1.04\u20132.08), and a history of eczema (RR\u2003=\u20031.47, 95% CI 1.05\u20132.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> Exposure to wastewater is a major risk factor for skin disease. In future studies, an attempt should be made to link specific chemical or biological agents in the wastewater to specific skin diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01941.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,11]],"date-time":"2010-08-11T21:55:16Z","timestamp":1281563716000},"page":"51-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Skin disease among farmers using wastewater in rice cultivation in Nam Dinh, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Do Thuy","family":"Trang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"Van Der Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Dang","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phung Dac","family":"Cam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vu Huu","family":"Viet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do Duc","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flemming","family":"Konradsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Soil quality \u2013 Maximum Allowable Limits of Heavy Metals in Soil: TCVN 7209\u20102002","author":"Directorate for Standards and Quality","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Work\u2010related symptoms in sewage treatment workers","volume":"8","author":"Douwes J","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2003.010710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Council Directive 86\/278\/EEC on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture","author":"European Economic Commission","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Skin diseases among people using urban wastewater in Phnom Penh","volume":"14","author":"Van Der Hoek W","year":"2005","journal-title":"UA Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urban aquatic production","volume":"14","author":"Leschen W","year":"2005","journal-title":"UA Magazine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.16617"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-1873.2003.00159.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02072.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater: Wastewater Use in Agriculture","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2007.01941.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01941.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T18:51:38Z","timestamp":1695754298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01941.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,14]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"s2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01941.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01941.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,14]]}}}