{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:30:23Z","timestamp":1773286223269,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,18]],"date-time":"2008-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1221696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To develop a new PCR for <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> detection and to estimate its diagnostic accuracy in a visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic area.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> After providing the proof\u2010of\u2010concept, the diagnostic accuracy was estimated on blood from 247 non\u2010endemic control persons and on blood and bone marrow from 173 confirmed VL, 39 probable VL and 87 non\u2010VL patients from south\u2010eastern Nepal.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The PCR showed a specificity of 99.64% [95% confidence interval (CI): 98.93\u2013100%) on non\u2010endemic controls and a sensitivity of 92.1% (95% CI: 87.6\u201396.6%) on blood and 92.9% (95% CI: 89\u201396.8%) on bone marrow from the confirmed VL patients. <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA was detected in blood and bone marrow of 67.6% (95% CI: 50.8\u201380.9%) and 71.8% (95% CI: 56.2\u201383.5%) of the probable VL patients, respectively, and of 38.2% (95% CI: 28\u201349.4%) and 29.9% (95% CI: 21.3\u201340.2%) of the non\u2010VL patients, respectively. The PCR showed 97% concordance with a positive DAT status while for a negative DAT status this was only 41.3% (kappa\u2010index 0.416, 95% CI: 0.30\u20130.53).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our findings indicate that PCR alone rather provides a marker for infection than a marker for disease and its role in VL diagnosis in endemic regions is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02154.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,18]],"date-time":"2008-09-18T05:27:20Z","timestamp":1221715640000},"page":"1378-1383","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of a new <i>Leishmania<\/i> PCR for clinical visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal and its role in diagnosis of disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stijn","family":"Deborggraeve","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Boelaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Rijal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simonne","family":"De Doncker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Claude","family":"Dujardin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Herdewijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1098"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.72"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002552"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","article-title":"Leishmania OligoC\u2010TesT: towards a simplified and standardised PCR format for diagnosis of leishmaniasis","author":"Deborggraeve S","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120045284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90208-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90141-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis: a report of a second case in Thailand","volume":"38","author":"Kongkaew W","year":"2007","journal-title":"Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.1.236-240.2000","article-title":"Optimized PCR using patient blood samples for diagnosis and follow\u2010up of visceral leishmaniasis, with special reference to AIDS patients","volume":"38","author":"Lachaud L","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"Structures antig\u00e9niques de Trypanosoma brucei (protozoa, kinetoplastida)","volume":"55","author":"Le Ray D","year":"1975","journal-title":"Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Belge de M\u00e9decine Tropicale"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5249-5255.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3038-3041.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.9.2931-2935.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"TDR Summary Report 2004\u201005","author":"UNICEF, UNDP, World Bank & WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Technical Report Series 793","author":"WHO","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; 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