{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T21:59:15Z","timestamp":1769378355193,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To describe specific causes of the high rates of stillbirth, neonatal death and early child childhood death in Zambia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> We conducted a household\u2010based survey in rural Zambia. Socio\u2010demographic and delivery characteristics were recorded, alongside a maternal HIV test. Verbal autopsy questionnaires were administered to elicit mortality\u2010related information and independently reviewed by three experienced paediatricians who assigned a cause and contributing factor to death. For this secondary analysis, deaths were categorized into: stillbirths (foetal death \u226528\u2003weeks of gestation), neonatal deaths (\u226428\u2003days) and early childhood deaths (&gt;28\u2003days to &lt;2\u2003years).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Among 1679 households, information was collected on 148 deaths: 34% stillbirths, 26% neonatal and 40% early childhood deaths. Leading identifiable causes of stillbirth were intrauterine infection (26%) and birth asphyxia (18%). Of 32 neonatal deaths, 38 (84%) occurred within the first week of life, primarily because of infections (37%) and prematurity (34%). The majority of early childhood deaths were caused by suspected bacterial infections (82%). HIV prevalence was significantly higher in mothers who reported an early childhood death (44%) than mothers who did not (17%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01). Factors significantly associated with mortality were lower socio\u2010economic status (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01), inadequate water or sanitation facilities (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01), home delivery (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.04) and absence of a trained delivery attendant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> We provide community\u2010level data about the causes of death among children under 2\u2003years of age. Infectious etiologies for mortality ranked highest. At a public health level, such information may have an important role in guiding prevention and treatment strategies to address perinatal and early childhood mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02776.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,7]],"date-time":"2011-04-07T23:34:43Z","timestamp":1302219283000},"page":"894-901","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Causes of stillbirth, neonatal death and early childhood death in rural Zambia by verbal autopsy assessments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mwila K.","family":"Lembalemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Brad Guffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Bolton\u2010Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mwangelwa","family":"Mubiana\u2010Mbewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namwinga","family":"Chintu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Giganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutinta","family":"Nalubamba\u2010Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S. 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