{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:09:57Z","timestamp":1772449797133,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,12]],"date-time":"2011-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1302566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To assess the long\u2010term impact of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control on itching and onchocercal skin disease (OSD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Seven study sites in Cameroon, Sudan, Nigeria and Uganda participated. Two cross\u2010sectional surveys were conducted of communities meso\u2010 and hyper\u2010endemic for onchocerciasis before and after 5 or 6\u2003years of community\u2010directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI). Individuals were asked about any general health symptoms including itching and underwent full cutaneous examinations. Onchocercal skin lesions were documented according to a standard classification.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Five thousand one hundred and ninety three people were examined in phase I and 5,180 people in phase II. The presence of onchocercal nodules was a strongly significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030\u00b7001) risk factor for all forms of onchocercal skin disease: APOD (OR 1\u00b766); CPOD (OR 2\u00b784); LOD (OR 2\u00b768); reactive skin lesions (OR 2\u00b738) and depigmentation (OR 3\u00b736). The effect of community\u2010directed treatment with ivermectin was profound. At phase II, there were significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030\u00b7001) reductions in the odds of itching (OR 0\u00b732), APOD (OR 0\u00b728); CPOD (OR 0\u00b734); reactive skin lesions (OR 0\u00b733); depigmentation (OR 0\u00b731) and nodules (OR 0\u00b737). Reduction in the odds of LOD was also significant (OR 0.54, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003&lt;\u20030.03).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> This first multi\u2010country report of the long\u2010term impact of CDTI reveals a substantial reduction in itching and OSD. APOC operations are having a major effect in improving skin health in poor rural populations in Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02783.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,12]],"date-time":"2011-04-12T10:12:17Z","timestamp":1302603137000},"page":"875-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: impact on onchocercal skin disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"G. A.","family":"Ozoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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