{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T23:05:11Z","timestamp":1792623911520,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold>To evaluate how stress at the larval stage alters adult mosquito performance and susceptibility to viral infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold>We used a model system consisting of Sindbis virus (SINV) and the yellow fever mosquito<jats:italic>Aedes aegypti.<\/jats:italic>Larvae were either reared under optimal conditions (control) or exposed to one of four types of stressors; suboptimal nutrients, starvation, elevated temperature, and a low dose of the insecticide malathion and adult females were fed SINV infectious blood meal. Differential expressions of stress, immune\u2010specific and detoxification genes was measured in fourth instar larvae (HSP70, HSP83, cecropin, defensin, transferrin and CYP6Z6) and 3\u2010day\u2010old females (cecropin, defensin, transferrin) to identify plausible molecular mechanisms associated with mosquito response to stress.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>There were stress\u2010specific variations in mosquito performance (survival, development time, female size), but all stressors had a consistent effect of significantly increasing susceptibility to viral infection and dissemination relative to the controls. Three genes were up\u2010regulated in fourth instar larvae exposed to temperature stress (cecropin, defensin and CYP6Z6) compared to single genes in suboptimal nutrient (cecropin) and malathion (transferrin) stress treatments and down\u2010regulation of all the six genes in starvation treatments. In adult samples, transferrin was up\u2010regulated in all but starvation treatments while defensin was up\u2010regulated in starvation and temperature stress treatments.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold>Stress during larval development may cause alterations in adult mosquito phenotype and immunity that can increase their susceptibility to pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02796.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,13]],"date-time":"2011-05-13T03:44:44Z","timestamp":1305258284000},"page":"955-964","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["Larval environmental stress alters<i>Aedes aegypti<\/i>competence for Sindbis virus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ephantus 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