{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1785157327633,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]],"date-time":"2011-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1310947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> School questionnaires of self\u2010reported schistosomiasis provide a rapid and simple approach for identifying schools at high risk of <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> and requiring mass treatment. This study investigates the reliability of school questionnaires to identify such schools and infected children within the context of a national school\u2010based deworming programme in Kenya.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Between November 2008 and March 2009, 6182 children from 61 schools in Coast Province, Kenya were asked by an interviewer whether they had blood in urine or urinary schistosomiasis (kichocho), and their results were compared with results from microscopic examination of urine samples. Subsequently, in 2009, a school\u2010based questionnaire survey for self\u2010reported schistosomiasis was distributed by the Ministry of Education to all schools in Coast Province, and its results were compared against results from the parasitological survey. The questionnaire survey results were linked to a schools database and mapped.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Prevalence of self\u2010reported blood in urine was lower among girls than boys among all ages. The use of a 30% threshold of reported blood in urine was both highly sensitive (91.7%) and specific (100%) in identifying high (&gt;50%) prevalence schools in Coast Province. Questionnaires were however less reliable in diagnosing <jats:italic>S.\u00a0haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in individuals, particularly among young girls. Comparable levels of reliability were observed when the questionnaire was distributed through the existing education systems and administered by class teachers.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> The results confirm that blood in urine questionnaires can be reliably used to target mass treatment with praziquantel at national scales. The mapped results of the Ministry of Education survey serve to describe the spatial variation of urinary schistosomiasis and identify schools requiring mass treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]],"date-time":"2011-07-18T11:58:01Z","timestamp":1310990281000},"page":"1326-1333","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Preparing for national school\u2010based deworming in Kenya: the validation and large\u2010scale distribution of school questionnaires with urinary schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jimmy","family":"Kihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Mwandawiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Waweru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline W.","family":"Gitonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Brooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034980120063437"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-8-42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intestinal parasitoses in Kenya: a review of intestinal helminths in Kenya 1900\u20131983","volume":"62","author":"Chunge RN","year":"1985","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8901300104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00483.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.318","article-title":"Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil\u2010transmitted helminths in Western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment","volume":"69","author":"Handzel T","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.587","article-title":"Chemotherapy\u2010based control of schistosomiasis haematobia. II. Metrifonate vs. praziquantel in control of infection\u2010associated morbidity","volume":"42","author":"King CH","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"235","article-title":"Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub\u2010Saharan Africa","volume":"80","author":"Lengeler C","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90333-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2004.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Education(2008)Inception Report. Consultancy on development of a GIS database of learning Institutions (School mapping exercise).Oakar Services Ltd. Nairobi."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-444.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"[Identification of high risks regions of schistosomiasis in Cote d\u2019lvoire]","volume":"100","author":"N\u2019Guessan NA","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Pathologie Exotique"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","first-page":"477","article-title":"Self\u2010diagnosis as a possible basis for treating urinary schistosomiasis: a study of schoolchildren in a rural area of the United Republic of Tanzania","volume":"77","author":"Partnership for Child Development","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Identification of High Risk Communities for Schistosomiasis in Africa: A Multi\u2010Country Study","author":"Red Urine Study Group","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"The Schistosomiasis Manual","author":"WHO","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"Preventive Chemotherapy in Human Helminthiasis: Coordinated Use of Anthelminthic Drugs in Control Interventions: A Manual for Health Professionals and Programme Managers","author":"WHO","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T22:06:02Z","timestamp":1698789962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02829.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]]}}}