{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T12:55:03Z","timestamp":1774529703341,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1311897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> To study trends in Zambia\u2019s TB notification rates between 1990 and 2010 and to ascertain progress made towards TB control.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Retrospective review of TB notification returns and TB programme reports for the period from 1990 to 2010.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Two distinct TB trend periods were identified: a period of rising trends up to a peak between 1990 and 2004 and a period of moderately declining trends between 2004 and 2010. Treatment outcomes improved over the two decades. Data on trends in paediatric TB, TB in prisoners and TB in pregnant women remain scanty and unreliable owing to poor diagnostic capability. There were no data available on trends on drug\u2010resistant TB because of the lack of laboratory services to perform drug sensitivity testing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> The period of increasing TB between 1990 and 2000 coincided with an increase in HIV\/AIDS. The period of slightly decreasing TB between 2004 and 2010 can be attributed to improved TB care, sustained DOTS implementation and improvement in TB diagnostic services. Newer diagnostics technologies for the rapid diagnosis of active TB cases and for drug\u2010resistant testing, recently endorsed by the WHO, need to be implemented into the national TB programmes to detect more cases and to provide epidemiological and surveillance data from which to obtain an evidence base for guided investments for TB control. Alignment of TB and HIV services is required to achieve improved management outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02849.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]],"date-time":"2011-07-29T09:59:19Z","timestamp":1311933559000},"page":"1404-1409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Trends of Zambia\u2019s tuberculosis burden over the past two decades"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nathan","family":"Kapata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascalina","family":"Chanda\u2010Kapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samana","family":"Schwank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mukonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alimuddin","family":"Zumla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"675","article-title":"A study of maternal mortality at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: the emergence of tuberculosis as a major non\u2010obstetric cause of maternal death","volume":"3","author":"Ahmed Y","year":"1999","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"606","article-title":"Health sector reform and tuberculosis control: the case of Zambia","volume":"4","author":"Bosman MC","year":"2000","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"285","article-title":"Provider\u2010initiated HIV testing and counseling of TB patients \u2013 Livingstone District, Zambia, September 2004\u2013December 2006","volume":"57","author":"CDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11082-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68383-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"2010 Census of Population and Housing","author":"CSO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"The Monthly","author":"CSO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"Will DOTS do it? A reappraisal of tuberculosis control in countries with high rates of HIV infection","volume":"3","author":"De Cock KM","year":"1999","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62173-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"The burden of childhood tuberculosis and the accuracy of community\u2010based surveillance data","volume":"10","author":"Marais BJ","year":"2006","journal-title":"The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-756"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-177"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"The relentless spread of tuberculosis in Zambia \u2013 trends over the past 37\u2003years (1964\u20132000)","volume":"93","author":"Mwaba P","year":"2003","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"National TB Review Report \u2013 2010","author":"National Tuberculosis Programme","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2010.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.4629","article-title":"Tuberculosis in prisons in sub\u2010Saharan Africa \u2013 a potential time bomb","volume":"101","author":"O\u2019Grady J","year":"2011","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.038265"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70602-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Unjust and Unhealthy \u2013 HIV, TB, and Abuse in Zambian Prisons","author":"Todrys KW","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","volume-title":"The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010","author":"UN","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","volume-title":"Global report: UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2010","author":"UNAIDS","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"The Global Health Report 2005 \u2013 Bridging the Gaps","author":"WHO","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Control: WHO report 2010","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Treatment of Tuberculosis: Guidelines","author":"WHO","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02849.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02849.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:14:39Z","timestamp":1698750879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02849.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02849.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02849.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,29]]}}}