{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T09:28:26Z","timestamp":1768987706776,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1315785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To learn how children in rural schools in Nyando District, Kenya clean themselves after defecation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Six focus group discussions were held with boys and girls ages 12\u201315 in three rural schools in mid\u20102009. Parents were interviewed in one setting. In early 2010, a survey of head teachers was conducted in 114 schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, to assess the provision of anal cleansing materials and handwashing water and soap in schools.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Anal cleansing behaviour is linked with access to materials, age, social pressure, perceived personal risk of illness and emotional factors. Materials used for anal cleansing include schoolbook paper, leaves, grasses, stones, corncobs and one\u2019s own hands. Students have knowledge gaps in terms of personal hygiene. They were forthcoming with information on their anal cleansing practices. Almost no schools budgeted for or provided anal cleansing materials regularly.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> Anal cleansing is a necessary human activity. However, because of social taboos, there are few articles on the topic. School health plans overlook it as well. Researchers need to determine if and how current practices could harm child health to inform policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02879.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]],"date-time":"2011-09-12T12:03:50Z","timestamp":1315829030000},"page":"1536-1540","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Anal cleansing practices and faecal contamination: a preliminary investigation of behaviours and conditions in schools in rural Nyanza Province, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shannon","family":"McMahon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bethany A.","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Obure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Rheingans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/24.2.85"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.1166","article-title":"A cluster\u2010randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of a handwashing\u2010promotion program in Chinese primary schools","volume":"76","author":"Bowen A","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyp002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"SWASH+ Application of Lessons Learned: Current and Future Practice","author":"Greene L","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6760.1085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"National School Health Guidelines","author":"MoH","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"National School Health Policy","author":"MoH","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"An outbreak of hepatitis A: school toilets as a source of transmission","volume":"14","author":"Rajaratnam G","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Public Health Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"103","article-title":"Universalizing primary education in Kenya: is it beneficial and sustainable?","volume":"11","author":"Sawamura N","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of International Cooperation in Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","volume-title":"Can Hygiene be Cool and Fun?: Insights from School Children in Senegal","author":"Sidibe M","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2003.00310.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF(2010)Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2010 update. WHO\/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"Child\u2010Friendly Hygiene and Sanitation Facilities in Schools: Indispensable to Effective Hygiene Education","author":"Zomerplaag J","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3156.2011.02879.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02879.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T08:51:44Z","timestamp":1698742304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02879.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02879.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02879.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,12]]}}}