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To achieve this and to guide policy makers in their selection of interventions, this study systematically compares costs and effects of breast cancer control interventions in Ghana.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> We used a mathematical model to estimate costs and health effects of breast cancer interventions in Ghana from the healthcare perspective. Analyses were based on the WHO\u2010CHOICE method, with health effects expressed in disability\u2010adjusted life years (DALYs), costs in 2009 US dollars (US$) and cost\u2010effectiveness ratios (CERs) in US$ per DALY averted. Analyses were based on local demographic, epidemiological and economic data, to the extent these data were available.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Biennial screening by clinical breast examination (CBE) of women aged 40\u201369\u2003years, in combination with treatment of all stages, seems the most cost\u2010effective intervention (costing $1299 per DALY averted). The intervention is also economically attractive according to international standards on cost\u2010effectiveness. Mass media awareness raising (MAR) is the second best option (costing $1364 per DALY averted). Mammography screening of women of aged 40\u201369\u2003years (costing $12\u2003908 per DALY averted) cannot be considered cost\u2010effective.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Both CBE screening and MAR seem economically attractive interventions. Given the uncertainty about the effectiveness of these interventions, only their phased introduction, carefully monitored and evaluated, is warranted. Moreover, their implementation is only meaningful if the capacity of basic cancer diagnostic, referral and treatment and possibly palliative services is simultaneously improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03021.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,19]],"date-time":"2012-07-19T12:20:25Z","timestamp":1342700425000},"page":"1031-1043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":74,"title":["Costs, effects and cost\u2010effectiveness of breast cancer control in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sten G.","family":"Zelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kofi M.","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Bosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Aikins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens M.","family":"Ni\u00ebns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy A.","family":"Lauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia R.","family":"Sepulveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A. 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