{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:05:45Z","timestamp":1792652745018,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,4]],"date-time":"2012-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1346716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective\u2002<\/jats:bold> To determine the geographical distribution of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and to study the genetic heterogeneity of <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> isolates from different endemic areas of Iran.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 341 isolates from lesions of patients living in 11 provinces of Iran were grown in culture medium and inoculated to BALB\/c mice to detect possible visceralisation. The species were identified by isoenzyme analysis using a battery of six enzymes and kinetoplast (k) DNA\u2010PCR technique. Genetic variation among <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> isolates was analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> Of the total 341 isolates, 283 isolates were <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> and 58 isolates were <jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic>. In rural areas, the causative agent of CL was mainly <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> (95%<jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> vs. 5%<jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic>), in urban areas it was <jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic> (65%<jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic> vs. 35%<jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic>). All isolates of <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> and 8.6% of <jats:italic>L.\u00a0tropica<\/jats:italic> isolates showed visceralisation in BALB\/c mice. There is considerable genetic diversity between <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> strains from different endemic areas and even between some isolates of the same endemic area.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold>  <jats:italic>Leishmania major<\/jats:italic> is the most frequent species in the endemic areas of CL in eleven provinces of Iran, and genetic diversity is a common feature of <jats:italic>L.\u00a0major<\/jats:italic> in the country.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.03078.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,5]],"date-time":"2012-09-05T02:19:10Z","timestamp":1346811550000},"page":"1335-1344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Molecular epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and heterogeneity of <i>Leishmania major<\/i> strains in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Mahmoudzadeh\u2010Niknam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soheila","family":"Ajdary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Riazi\u2010Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Mirzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolhossein","family":"Rezaeian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Khaze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Navid D.","family":"Djadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Alimohammadian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2010.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"First WHO Report on Neglected Tropical Diseases: Working to Overcome the Global Impact of Neglected Tropical Diseases","author":"Crompton DWT","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9292-6-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.2000.4896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(96)00058-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90093-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-3-731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Dashti and Dashtestani district of Bushehr province","volume":"29","author":"Hamzavi V","year":"2000","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200100871X","article-title":"Genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum zymodeme MON\u20101: epidemiological implications","volume":"123","author":"Hide M","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90061-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Nouvelles recherches sur la distribution florale","volume":"44","author":"Jaccard P","year":"1908","journal-title":"Bulletin de la Societe vaudoise des sciences naturelles"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"513","article-title":"Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. 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