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The SC is composed of \u2018bricks\u2019, represented by flattened, protein\u2010enriched corneocytes, and \u2018mortar\u2019, represented by intercellular lipid\u2010enriched layers. As a result of this \u2018bricks and mortar\u2019 structure, the SC can be considered as a \u2018rampart\u2019 that encloses water and solutes essential for physiological homeostasis and that protects mammals from physical, chemical and biological assaults.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Structures and functions \u2013\u00a0<\/jats:bold> The corneocyte cytoskeleton contains tight bundles of keratin intermediate filaments aggregated with filaggrin monomers, which are subsequently degraded into natural moisturizing compounds by various proteases, including caspase\u200314. A cornified cell envelope is formed on the inner surface of the corneocyte plasma membrane by transglutaminase\u2010catalysed cross\u2010linking of involucrin and loricrin. Ceramides form a lipid envelope by covalently binding to the cornified cell envelope, and extracellular lamellar lipids play an important role in permeability barrier function. 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