{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:20:04Z","timestamp":1793920804006,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,22]],"date-time":"2004-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1082592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tetracyclines (TCN) were introduced in 1948 as broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of many common infections in children and adults. One of the side\u2010effects of tetracyclines is incorporation into tissues that are calcifying at the time of their administration. They have the ability to chelate calcium ions and to be incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone, resulting in discoloration of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This permanent discoloration varies from yellow or gray to brown depending on the dose or the type of the drug received in relation to body weight. Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline often used for the treatment of acne, has been shown to cause pigmentation of a variety of tissues including skin, thyroid, nails, sclera, teeth, conjunctiva and bone. Adult\u2010onset tooth discoloration following long\u2010term ingestion of tetracycline and minocycline has also been reported. The remarkable side\u2010effect of minocycline on the oral cavity is the singular occurrence of \u201cblack bones\u201d, \u201cblack or green roots\u201d and blue\u2010gray to gray hue darkening of the crowns of permanent teeth. The prevalence of tetracycline and minocycline staining is 3\u20136%. The mechanism of minocycline staining is still unknown. Most of the reviewed literature consisted of case reports; longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to provide more information on the prevalence, severity, etiology and clinical presentation of tetracycline and TCN\u2010derivative staining in the adult population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2004.02108.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,7]],"date-time":"2004-10-07T15:13:47Z","timestamp":1097162027000},"page":"709-715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":295,"title":["Tetracycline and other tetracycline\u2010derivative staining of the teeth and oral cavity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s R.","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Roy 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