{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T10:20:12Z","timestamp":1761128412725},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,5]],"date-time":"2006-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1144195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Little information is available on the incidence and etiology of chronic ulcers in the tropics. Therefore, the incidence and etiology of chronic skin ulcers were assessed in out\u2010patients at the Department of Dermatology and in in\u2010patients at the Departments of Dermatology, Surgery, Medicine, and Pediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH), Blantyre, Malawi.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method\u2002<\/jats:bold> In a 10\u2010week study period, 44 patients (31 males, 70%) with chronic skin ulcers were diagnosed from 6292 patients seen by the departments involved.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> The mean age of patients with ulcers was 38\u00a0years (range, 9\u00a0months to 82\u00a0years). The most frequent cause of ulcers was bacterial infection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022), followed by malignancy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011) and trauma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold> In contrast with developed countries, venous and diabetic ulcers were uncommon. In addition to bacterial infections, a surprisingly large number of malignancies were found in this study. We speculate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is seen with a high prevalence at QECH, is a contributing factor. Because of the large number of malignancies, we recommend early histopathologic investigation of chronic ulcers in this part of Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,5]],"date-time":"2006-04-05T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1144232772000},"page":"933-936","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Etiology and incidence of chronic ulcers in Blantyre, Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Jim E.","family":"Zeegelaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimee C.","family":"Stro\u00efnk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Willemyn H.","family":"Steketee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Faber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allard C.","family":"Van Der Wal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac O. O.","family":"Komolafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Dzamalala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Chibwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes F.","family":"Wendte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard E.","family":"Zijlstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","first-page":"274","article-title":"Microbial colonizers in leprosy skin ulcers and intensity of inflammation","volume":"64","author":"Sturm AW","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Lepr"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"687","article-title":"In\u2010patient management of leg ulcers","volume":"76","author":"Ohanaka EC","year":"1999","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)10178-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01156-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.901.674"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/mmj.v13i2.10829"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in Africans","volume":"2","author":"Yakubu A","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90035-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(02)84008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-200304000-00002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2006.02858.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T02:53:25Z","timestamp":1696906405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,5]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02858.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-04-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}