{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:40:13Z","timestamp":1790919613787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Extensive cutaneous burns caused by alkylating chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard (SM) have been associated with the severe suppression of the immune system in humans. We aimed to study the association between late cutaneous and immunological complications of SM poisoning.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Skin examination was performed on all SM\u2010poisoned Iranian veterans in the province of Khorasan, Iran, who had significant clinical complications, and their SM intoxication was confirmed by toxicological analysis. Light microscopy was performed on eight skin biopsies. Blood cell counts, serum immunoglobulin and complement factor, as well as flow cytometric, analyses were performed on all the patients. The severity of cutaneous complications were classified into four grades and compared with hematological and immunological parameters, using Spearman's rank correlation test.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Forty male subjects, confirmed with SM poisoning 16\u201320\u00a0years earlier, were studied. The main objective findings were hyperpigmentation (55%), dry skin (40%), multiple cherry angiomas (37.5%), atrophy (27.5%), and hypopigmentation (25%). Histopathologic findings were nonspecific and compatible with hyperpigmented old atrophic scars. Except for the hematocrit and C4 levels, hematological and immunological parameters revealed no significant correlation with the severity grades of cutaneous complications.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion\u2002<\/jats:bold>\n                    Sulfur mustard is an alkylating agent with prolonged adverse effects on both the skin and the immune system. Allthough skin is a major transporting system for SM's systemic absorption, there is probably no correlation between the severity of late cutaneous and immunological complications of SM poisoning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03020.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T11:17:13Z","timestamp":1157023033000},"page":"1025-1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Delayed complications of sulfur mustard poisoning in the skin and the immune system of Iranian veterans 16\u201320\u00a0years after exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Hefazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Tabatabaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Balali\u2010Mood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA398241","volume-title":"Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare.","author":"Sidell FR","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Chemicals in Warfare: a Treatise on Chemical Warfare","author":"Prentiss AM.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","unstructured":"United Nations Security Council.Report of the mission dispatched by the Secretary General to investigate allegations of the use of chemical weapons in the conflict between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq. April 25 1988. 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In: Division 9 National Defense Research Committee Comp. Chemical Warfare Agents and Related Chemical Problems. Summary Technical Report of Division 9 NDRC 1946. Washington DC USA:Office of Scientific Research and Development."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","first-page":"324","article-title":"Chemical warfare. Cutaneous lesions from mustard gas","volume":"21","author":"Requena L","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/159151a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","first-page":"423","article-title":"Defects of cell\u2010mediated immunity in mustard gas injury after years. (Abstract)","volume":"32","author":"Zandieh T","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scan J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(02)00076-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(93)90083-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(02)00053-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Medical Defense Against Mustard Gas: Toxic Mechanisms and Pharmacological Implications.","author":"Papirmeister B","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)91457-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(91)90202-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seminar on Late Complications of Chemical Warfare Agents in Iranian Veterans","author":"Fekri AR","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1992.01680160059004","article-title":"Skin manifestations of mustard gas: a clinical study of 535 patients exposed to mustard gas","volume":"128","author":"Momeni A","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4359.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","first-page":"447","article-title":"The pathology of skin lesions produced by mustard gas (dichloroethyl sulfide)","volume":"3","author":"Warthin AS","year":"1918","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Tactical weapons: is mustard still king?","volume":"1","author":"Blewett WK.","year":"1986","journal-title":"NBC Defense Technol Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4359.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70460-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Congress of Dermatology","author":"Moradi A","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1978.tb01048.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","first-page":"75","article-title":"Review of Okuno\u2010Jima poison gas factory regarding occupational environment","volume":"11","author":"Wada S","year":"1963","journal-title":"Hiroshima J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2006.03020.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03020.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T22:16:49Z","timestamp":1696889809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03020.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03020.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.03020.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-9059","1365-4632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-9059","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-4632","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-08-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}