{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:15:08Z","timestamp":1792088108688,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background\u2002<\/jats:bold> Metallic allergens such as nickel are among the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), but frequencies of contact dermatitis to these allergens may vary in different areas.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to determine the frequencies of ACD caused by three common metallic allergens: nickel sulfate; potassium dichromate; and cobalt chloride.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods\u2002<\/jats:bold> Data for 1137 patients with clinical diagnoses of contact dermatitis and\/or atopic dermatitis evaluated by patch testing in Iran during a 5\u2010year period were retrospectively studied to establish the frequencies of hypersensitivity to these metallic allergens.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results\u2002<\/jats:bold> A total of 313 patients (27.5%) gave positive patch test results for at least one metallic allergen. Allergy to nickel (229 cases, 20.0%) was the most commonly observed, followed by allergy to cobalt (90 cases, 8.0%) and allergy to chromium (70 cases, 6.2%). Nickel allergy was significantly more frequent in females and in subjects aged &lt;40\u2003years, whereas chromium hypersensitivity was more common in males and in subjects aged &gt;40\u2003years. Sensitivity to nickel or chromium was a risk factor for cobalt allergy.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions\u2002<\/jats:bold> Nickel was most commonly identified as a metallic allergen in Iran and tended to affect women aged &lt;40\u2003years. Regulations pertaining to nickel release may decrease the frequency of nickel hypersensitivity in Iran.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05623.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,14]],"date-time":"2013-03-14T19:51:48Z","timestamp":1363290708000},"page":"1513-1518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Allergic contact dermatitis to metal allergens in 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