{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:24:06Z","timestamp":1793229846791,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Melasma is an acquired, irregularly patterned, light to dark\u2010brown hypermelanosis, with symmetric distribution mostly over the face. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and factors related to melasma in\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n razilian patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This was a cross\u2010sectional, multicenter study performed in\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n razil. Investigators examined and questioned 953 patients over 18\u00a0years of age on clinical characteristics and other factors related to their melasma.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Melasma was more prevalent in women (97.5%) and in\n F<\/jats:styled-content>\n itzpatrick skin phototypes\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n (12.8%),\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n (36.3%), and\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n (39.7%). Skin phototypes\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n and family history of melasma had early onset of the disorder when compared with skin phototypes\n IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n , and\n VI<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.0001). Similar results were also observed when these same groups were compared with the absence of family history (\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.0001). Extra\u2010facial melasma was more frequent in postmenopausal women compared with those who were not experiencing menopause (14.2% vs. 3.5%,\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n \u00a0<\u00a00.0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Data suggested that the age of melasma onset are related to skin phototypes and family history. Additionally, extra\u2010facial melasma was more common in menopausal women. This is the first study on the epidemiology of melasma in\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n razil involving a large sample of the population. These data can be a source of new relevant research on the cause and development of melasma.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05748.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T23:39:08Z","timestamp":1377214748000},"page":"440-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Epidemiology of melasma in\n B<\/scp>\n razilian patients: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Doris","family":"Hexsel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cosmetic Dermatology at the Department of Dermatology Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre RS"},{"name":"Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology Porto Alegre RS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davi A.","family":"Lacerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Local de Sapopemba e Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo SP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Manaus AM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A. S. Machado","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service Faculdade de Medicina do ABC Santo Andr\u00e9 SP"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9lia Luiza P. V.","family":"Kalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Porto Alegre Porto Alegre RS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elo\u00edsa L.","family":"Ayres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Municipal de Sa\u00fade de Niter\u00f3i Niter\u00f3i RJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Azulay\u2010Abulafia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda B.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto Alegre RS"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio S.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology of the Gaffr\u00e8e & Guinle University Hospital Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1dya F. P.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service at Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Alfredo da Matta Manaus AM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania F.","family":"Cestari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Dermatology Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10227-004-0158-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00087-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1988.tb02329.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03524.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690240119022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Mechanisms of hyperpigmentation","volume":"5","author":"S\u00e1nchez NP","year":"1986","journal-title":"P R Health Sci J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Women's Dermatology. 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