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Here we examined whether EE during forced abstinence from cocaine self\u2010administration would prevent time\u2010dependent increases in cue\u2010elicited cocaine\u2010seeking behavior (i.e. the incubation effect). Rats were trained to self\u2010administer cocaine, which was paired with light\/tone cues, for 15\u2003days while living in isolated conditions (IC). Controls received yoked saline infusions. Subsequently, rats were assigned to live in either continued IC or EE for either 1 or 21\u2003days of forced abstinence prior to a test for cocaine\u2010seeking behavior. During testing, responding resulted only in presentation of the light\/tone cues. Contrary to our prediction, cocaine\u2010seeking behavior increased over time regardless of living condition during abstinence; however, EE attenuated cocaine\u2010seeking behavior relative to IC regardless of length of abstinence. Brains were harvested and trunk blood was collected immediately after the 60\u2010minute test and later assayed. Results indicated that short\u2010term EE elevated hippocampal brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor and reduced plasma corticosterone compared with IC. Furthermore, 21\u2003days of EE during forced abstinence prevented increases in the cue\u2010elicited amygdala phosphorylated extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase expression that was observed in IC rats. These findings suggest that EE attenuates incentive motivational effects of cocaine cues through a mechanism other than preventing the incubation effect, perhaps involving reduction of stress and neural activity in response to cocaine\u2010paired cues during acute withdrawal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00358.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,4]],"date-time":"2011-08-04T14:59:11Z","timestamp":1312469951000},"page":"365-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Environmental enrichment counters cocaine abstinence\u2010induced stress and brain reactivity to cocaine cues but fails to prevent the incubation effect"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Thiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael 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