{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:21:57Z","timestamp":1791364917256,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]],"date-time":"2012-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1345680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cigarette smoking is a severe health burden being related to a number of chronic diseases. Frequently, smokers report about sleep problems. Sleep disturbance, in turn, has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathophysiology of several disorders related to smoking and may be relevant for the pathophysiology of nicotine dependence. Therefore, determining the frequency of sleep disturbance in otherwise healthy smokers and its association with degree of nicotine dependence is highly relevant. In a population\u2010based case\u2010control study, 1071 smokers and 1243 non\u2010smokers<jats:italic>without<\/jats:italic>lifetime<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>iagnostic and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tatistical<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>anual of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">M<\/jats:styled-content>ental<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">D<\/jats:styled-content>isorders,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>ourth<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">E<\/jats:styled-content>dition,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>xis<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>disorder were investigated. Sleep quality (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQ<\/jats:styled-content>) of participants was determined by the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content>ittsburgh<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>leep<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content>uality<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>ndex. As possible confounders, age, sex and level of education and income, as well as depressiveness, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity, alcohol drinking behaviour and perceived stress, were included into multiple regression analyses. Significantly more smokers than non\u2010smokers (28.1% versus 19.1%;<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) demonstrated a disturbed global<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQ<\/jats:styled-content>. After controlling for the confounders, impaired scores in the component scores of sleep latency, sleep duration and global<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQ<\/jats:styled-content>were found significantly more often in smokers than non\u2010smokers. Consistently, higher degrees of nicotine dependence and intensity of smoking were associated with shorter sleep duration. This study demonstrates for the first time an elevated prevalence of sleep disturbance in smokers compared with non\u2010smokers in a population<jats:italic>without<\/jats:italic>lifetime history of psychiatric disorders even after controlling for potentially relevant risk factors. It appears likely that smoking is a behaviourally modifiable risk factor for the occurrence of impaired<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SQ<\/jats:styled-content>and short sleep duration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]],"date-time":"2012-08-23T10:09:54Z","timestamp":1345716594000},"page":"486-496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Impaired sleep quality and sleep duration in smokers\u2014results from the<scp>G<\/scp>erman<scp>M<\/scp>ulticenter<scp>S<\/scp>tudy on<scp>N<\/scp>icotine<scp>D<\/scp>ependence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Cohrs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine St. Hedwig Clinic Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Sleepresearch &amp; Clinical Chronobiology, Charit\u00e9 Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Georg\u2010August University G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Rodenbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology, Sleepresearch &amp; Clinical Chronobiology, Charit\u00e9 Berlin Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Georg\u2010August University G\u00f6ttingen G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Riemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertram","family":"Szagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Ravensburg\u2010Weingarten Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jaehne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Brinkmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Heinrich\u2010Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Gr\u00fcnder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Wienker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Diaz\u2010Lacava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology University of Bonn Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) Cologne University Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arian","family":"Mobascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Dahmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Thuerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuernberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Kornhuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Friedrich\u2010Alexander University Erlangen\u2010Nuernberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falk","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Addictive Behavior and Addictive Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Gallinat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Charit\u00e9 University Hospital Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Bonn Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Medicine St. Hedwig Clinic Berlin Berlin Germany"},{"name":"German Heart Institute Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Grittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Charit\u00e9\u2010 University Medicine Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Winterer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG) Cologne University Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntp059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.14.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"International Classification of Sleep Disorders","author":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association(1994)DSM IV Checklist Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. APA."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"American Psychiatric Association: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"AUDIT. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care","author":"Babor TF","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Beck Depression Inventory\u2014Manual","author":"Beck A","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)33068-5","article-title":"Interindividual variability in the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man","volume":"221","author":"Benowitz NL","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Der Fagerstr\u00f6m\u2010Test f\u00fcr Nikotinabh\u00e4ngigkeit (FTNA)","author":"Bleich S","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00188-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.5.585"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.5.619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2010.00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200822110-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200412331324938"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.2.8049831"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38142.554479.AE"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1145"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199408000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2009.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.3.383"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","volume-title":"Das Beck\u2010Depressions\u2010Inventar (BDI)","author":"Hautzinger M","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2007.00277.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03744.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.91.4.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","volume-title":"Das State\u2010Trait\u2010Angstinventar. Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung","author":"Laux L","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2011.00322.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1616-3443.30.3.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186","article-title":"Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn","volume":"6","author":"Ohayon MM","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014468000004111"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2006.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430070088011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15402010bsm0201_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1563-2571.2001.01005.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","volume-title":"Therapy of Insomnia","author":"Riemann D","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","volume-title":"STAI, Manual for the State\u2010Trait Anxiety Inventory","author":"Spielberger CD","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v66n1008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1994.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283366643"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj231"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2008.01.004"}],"container-title":["Addiction Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1369-1600.2012.00487.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T04:08:29Z","timestamp":1743998909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00487.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6215","1369-1600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6215","type":"print"},{"value":"1369-1600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2012-08-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}