{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:41:46Z","timestamp":1791088906369,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1156982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> During subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), there is a local mucosal shift from Th2 to Th1 type cytokine predominance and downregulation of interleukin (IL)\u20105 and eosinophilia. According to recent studies IL\u201010\u2010 and transforming growth factor (TGF)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2010induced tolerance is another key phenomenon in SCIT. Few data to date is available on mechanisms and roles of these cytokines in sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Scope:\u2002<\/jats:bold> This study was undertaken to analyse the allergen\u2010induced <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression of IL\u20104, IL\u20105, IL\u201010, TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> and interferon (IFN)\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic> during SLIT in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of children with allergic rhinitis (AR).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Ten patients with AR undergoing pollen SLIT with a weekly dose of 200\u2003000\u2003SQ\u2010U, 10 with a weekly dose of 24\u2003000\u2003SQ\u2010U of glycerinated mixture of <jats:italic>Betula verrucosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Corylus avellana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Alnus glutinosa<\/jats:italic> and 10 with placebo were included in the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were collected and stimulated with pollen allergen extract prior to the treatment, after 1 and 2\u2003years of the treatment. The cytokine mRNA expression was assessed using kinetic real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\u2010PCR; TaqMan<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> allergen\u2010induced mRNA expression of IL\u20105 by PBMC in the placebo group at 1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0065) and 2 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.013) years of therapy were increased in comparison with the highest dose. The expression of IL\u201010 mRNA was increased in the highest dose group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0016) and the lower dose group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.034) at 2\u2003years of therapy when compared with placebo. The change in the expression of allergen\u2010induced TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> had an inversed correlation with the change of IL\u20105 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u2003\u22120.38, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.036) and positive correlation with the change of IL\u201010 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.58, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.0019).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Sublingual immunotherapy induced a dose\u2010dependent systemic allergen\u2010specific immunological response in children with AR. During high\u2010dose SLIT, there was activation of regulatory cytokine IL\u201010 and an inhibitory effect on IL\u20105 expression increase that was associated with TGF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01206.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]],"date-time":"2006-08-31T09:58:00Z","timestamp":1157018280000},"page":"1184-1190","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Sublingual immunotherapy in children modulates allergen\u2010induced <i>in vitro<\/i> expression of cytokine mRNA in PBMC"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Valovirta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1986.tb01983.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"191","article-title":"Noninjection routes for immunotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Canonica GW","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.150.2.353"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.683"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70509-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.01069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7520605"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820117.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/39614"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(01)00273-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830171210"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(96)70205-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.148.8.2390","article-title":"Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL\u20103, IL\u20104, IL\u20105 and granulocyte\/macrophage\u2010colony\u2010stimulating factor in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation: relationship to tissue eosinophilia","volume":"148","author":"Durham SR","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.115483"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830270513"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI2250"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200322919"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2003.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01823.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","first-page":"??","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of sublingual immunotherapy with tree pollen extract in children","author":"Valovirta E","year":"2006","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)61186-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2123","article-title":"Allergen immunotherapy decreases interleukin 4 production in CD4+ T cells from allergic individuals","volume":"178","author":"Secrist H","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116633"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.8.4187","article-title":"Bee venom immunotherapy results in decrease of IL\u20104 and IL\u20105 and increase of IFN\u2010gamma secretion in specific allergen\u2010stimulated T cell cultures","volume":"154","author":"Jutel M","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70106-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2006.02400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1988.tb02864.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.1.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70203-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2001.00999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.773"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.155.3.1450","article-title":"Characterization of latent TGF\u2010beta activation by murine peritoneal macrophages","volume":"155","author":"Nunes I","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.2003.00025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.5.8912771"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.121317"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(99)70076-X"}],"container-title":["Allergy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1398-9995.2006.01206.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01206.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T16:25:25Z","timestamp":1696955125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01206.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01206.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2006.01206.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0105-4538","1398-9995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0105-4538","type":"print"},{"value":"1398-9995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,31]]}}}