{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T19:37:06Z","timestamp":1767382626945},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]],"date-time":"2008-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> The clinical outcome of diisocyanate\u2010induced asthma has been found to be poor despite cessation of exposure. Our aim was to study the outcome of diisocyanate\u2010induced asthma after initiation of inhaled steroid treatment at a mean period of 7\u2003months (range 2\u201360\u2003months) after cessation of exposure by following up lung function and bronchial inflammation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Bronchoscopy was performed on 17 patients 2\u2003days after a positive inhalation challenge test, after which budesonide 1600\u2003\u03bcg a day was started. Bronchoscopy, spirometry, and histamine challenge tests were repeated at 6\u2003months and on average 3\u2003years. The results were also compared with those obtained from 15 healthy control subjects.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity diminished significantly (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.006); however, forced expiratory volume in 1\u2003s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) values decreased, with a median yearly reduction of FEV1 of 79\u2003ml. The count of mast cells in bronchial mucosa decreased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.012) and that of macrophages increased (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2003=\u20030.001). Interleukin\u20104 level in mucosa was during the first year significantly higher than in controls but its level decreased in the follow\u2010up. Interleukin\u20106, interleukin\u201015, and tumour necrosis factor alpha messenger\u2010RNA levels were significantly higher in hyperreactive patients than in nonhyperreactive patients at the end of the follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Our results indicate that inflammation may persist in diisocyanate\u2010induced asthma despite inhaled steroid medication. However, TH2\u2010type inflammation diminished. Persistent nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was associated with proinflammatory acting cytokines produced mainly by macrophages. Considering the poor prognosis of the disease the findings could be utilized to develop the follow\u2010up and treatment of diisocyanate\u2010induced asthma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2007.01606.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]],"date-time":"2008-04-03T18:02:33Z","timestamp":1207245753000},"page":"583-591","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Inflammation and functional outcome in diisocyanate\u2010induced asthma after cessation of exposure"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"P. 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