{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:28:01Z","timestamp":1791282481893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1158192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The finding of a mixture of 46,XX and 46,XY cells in an individual has been rarely reported in literature. It usually results in individuals with ambiguous genitalia. Approximately 10% of true human hermaphrodites show this type of karyotype. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. It may be the result of mosaicism or chimerism. By definition, a chimera is produced by the fusion of two different zygotes in a single embryo, while a mosaic contains genetically different cells issued from a single zygote. Several mechanisms are involved in the production of chimera. Stricto sensu, chimerism occurs from the post\u2010zygotic fusion of two distinct embryos leading to a tetragametic chimera. In addition, there are other entities, which are also referred to as chimera: parthenogenetic chimera and chimera resulting from fertilization of the second polar body. Furthermore, a particular type of chimera called \u2018androgenetic chimera\u2019 recently described in fetuses with placental mesenchymal dysplasia and in rare patients with Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome is discussed. Strategies to study mechanisms leading to the production of chimera and mosaics are also proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2006.00689.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]],"date-time":"2006-09-14T09:38:49Z","timestamp":1158226729000},"page":"363-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Chimera and other fertilization errors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Malan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Vekemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Turleau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","article-title":"Jumeaux Mosa\u00efques Chim\u00e8res et autres al\u00e9as de la f\u00e9condation humaine","author":"De Grouchy J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Medsi"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.48.3.332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","first-page":"281","volume-title":"Pediatric endocrinology: a clinical guide","author":"Danon M","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970080606"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","first-page":"1065","article-title":"A patient with 46 XX\/46 XY chimerism without hermaphroditism. 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