{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:34:32Z","timestamp":1769099672771,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]],"date-time":"2006-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several factors including early\u2010life antibiotic usage have been implicated in the rising prevalence of allergic sensitization and asthma. A nested case\u2013control study comparing antibiotic exposure of 37 sensitized children with recurrent wheeze (age\u20033\u20135\u2003yr) and 37 non\u2010sensitized children who had never wheezed was carried out within a population\u2010based birth cohort (matching for age, sex, parental atopy, allergen exposure, and pet ownership). We collected data on antibiotic prescriptions during first 3\u2003yr of life (timing, type, indication) from the primary care medical records. Significantly, more cases than controls received one or more antibiotic courses during the first year of life (92% vs. 70%, p\u2003=\u20030.04). The median time to first antibiotic course was shorter for the cases than the controls (6 vs. 8\u2003months, p\u2003=\u20030.03). The total number of antibiotic receipts was greater amongst cases in each of the first 3\u2003yr of life, but this reached significance only when the whole three\u2010year period was considered (249 vs. 182 courses, p\u2003=\u20030.05). The increased ratio of antibiotic receipt in cases over controls was highest in the first year of life (1.32, 95% CI 0.99\u20131.78). Significantly more cases than controls were prescribed antibiotics for lower respiratory tract infection during the first 3\u2003yr (p\u2003=\u20030.007), but not during the first year of life (p\u2003=\u20030.52). Antibiotics use by class was similar in the two groups. Our data support the hypothesis that early life exposure to broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics may have a causative role in sensitisation and the expression of wheeze.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00389.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,20]],"date-time":"2010-09-20T15:09:47Z","timestamp":1284995387000},"page":"184-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Atopic wheezing and early life antibiotic exposure: a nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mike","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Custovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Woodcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare S.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35037000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.299.6710.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.118130"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","first-page":"753","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of antibiotics in influencing digestive flora","volume":"41","author":"Pulverer G","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pathol Biol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1986.tb01300.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.2000.00939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00536.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.019182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.11.927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01994.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2005.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2002.121016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Early prescription of antibiotics and the risk of allergic disease in adults: a cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Cullinan P","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3038.13.s.15.3.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2222.1999.00540.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.875"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Allergy and Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fj.1399-3038.2006.00389.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00389.x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T23:39:15Z","timestamp":1696894755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00389.x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00389.x"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00389.x","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0905-6157","1399-3038"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0905-6157","type":"print"},{"value":"1399-3038","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}