{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:38:11Z","timestamp":1790527091151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,22]],"date-time":"2012-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1332374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Allergy Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>To cite this article: Montefort S, Ellul P, Montefort M, Caruana S, Grech V, Agius Muscat H. The effect of cigarette smoking on allergic conditions in Maltese children (ISAAC). <jats:italic>Pediatric Allergy Immunology<\/jats:italic> 2012: <jats:bold>23<\/jats:bold>: 472\u2013478.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Maltese children are frequently exposed to tobacco smoke through passive and personal smoking. In the Phase 3 ISAAC study questionnaire, we enquired about passive smoking to the parents of 3816 (80% response rate) 5\u2010 to 8\u2010yr\u2010old children and about passive and personal smoking to 4139 (90% response rate) 13\u2010 to 15\u2010yr\u2010old participating children. Thirty\u2010one percent of 5\u2010 to 8\u2010yr olds were passive smokers with their father more likely to be the smoker (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). Maternal smoking in the first year of the child\u2019s life resulted in the children having an increased chance of wheezing \u2018ever\u2019 (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001), exercise\u2010induced wheezing (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and being diagnosed with asthma (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). Current smoking by the mother also led to the child having current rhinitis (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Fifty\u2010one percent of 13\u2010 to 15\u2010yr olds were passive smokers again with the father more likely to be the smoker (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). Maternal (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001) and paternal smoking (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) resulted in the children having an increased chance of wheezing sometime in their life, exercise\u2010induced wheezing, nocturnal cough, and being diagnosed with asthma. Current smoking by the mother was more common in children having current rhinitis (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05), while current smoking by both mother and\/or father led to itchy\/watery eyes accompanying rhinitis (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05). Recurrent itchy rashes were also more likely in passive smokers (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Personal smoking by the 13\u2010 to 15\u2010yr olds (8.15% boys vs. 8.8% girls ns ) resulted in a higher cumulative prevalence of wheezing (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), rhinitis (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05), and recurrent itchy rash (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001) but only affected current prevalence of wheezing (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001). These smokers were more likely to experience exercise\u2010induced wheezing (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), nocturnal cough (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), and being diagnosed with asthma (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.05) and eczema (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.001). Children smoking more than 10 cigarettes\/day persisted with wheezing (p\u2003=\u20030.04) had more frequent episodes of exercise\u2010induced wheeze (p\u2003=\u20030.04), nocturnal cough (p\u2003&lt;\u20030.0001), and rhinoconjunctivitis (p\u2003=\u20030.02) than milder smokers. Smoking seems to be affecting childhood allergies in Maltese children quite significantly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2012.01276.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,23]],"date-time":"2012-03-23T03:22:21Z","timestamp":1332472941000},"page":"472-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The effect of cigarette smoking on allergic conditions in Maltese children 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