{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:56:51Z","timestamp":1791406611737,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]],"date-time":"2005-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1116288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Transplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Solid organ transplantation has become accepted therapy for the treatment of end\u2010stage organ dysfunction in children. As early management of the pediatric transplant recipient has improved, important age\u2010related differences in long\u2010term patient outcomes have become apparent. Late morbidity and mortality can, in most cases, be attributed to the consequences of long\u2010term immunosuppression: graft loss from under\u2010immunosuppression or an increased incidence of cancer, hypertension, renal failure or diabetes from over\u2010immunosuppression. Age\u2010related differences in both biological and psychological factors play an important role in the optimization of therapy in the transplanted child. Important age\u2010related differences have been demonstrated in all phases of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Information regarding specific age\u2010related pharmacokinetic differences is lacking for many immunosuppressive medications. Further study using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models will lead to more specific recommendations for age\u2010based immunosuppression protocols. Non\u2010adherence is common among solid organ transplant recipients of all ages and the consequences of non\u2010adherence include increased rejection, late graft loss and death. The biological and psychological developmental changes that occur during adolescence place the transplanted adolescent at an even higher risk of non\u2010adherence and poor outcome than other age groups. Further studies to elucidate the importance of both age\u2010related pharmacokinetic and behavioral factors are needed to formulate therapeutic interventions that would improve adherence and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2005.00352.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,17]],"date-time":"2005-05-17T09:25:31Z","timestamp":1116321931000},"page":"416-421","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Biological and psychological differences in the child and adolescent transplant recipient"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Daphne 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