{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T04:56:21Z","timestamp":1774932981162,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,21]],"date-time":"2011-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1298246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>G. Akpek, A. Uslu, T. Huebner, A. Taner, A.P. Rapoport, I. Gojo, Y.T. Akpolat, O. Ioffe, M. Kleinberg, M.R. Baer. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis: an under\u2010recognized cause of infectious mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.\u2028Transpl Infect Dis 2011: <jats:bold>13:<\/jats:bold> 366\u2013373. All rights reserved<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract: <\/jats:bold> Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare, nearly always fatal form of encephalitis that occurs mostly in the setting of immune compromise or chronic disease. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of this <jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients are not well described. We present an HSCT patient in whom the diagnosis of GAE was made at autopsy. A systematic review of previously reported cases is provided to highlight the clinical presentation and early diagnostic features of GAE in HSCT recipients. Amebic infection usually initially involves the skin or lungs over a period of months, and becomes rapidly fatal once it crosses the blood\u2013brain barrier. GAE is usually discovered postmortem owing to lack of awareness of this deadly infection and delay in diagnosis. Subacute presentation of multiple recurrent panniculitis\u2010like subcutaneous nodules associated with eosinophilia and a history of chronic rhinitis or sinusitis warrant investigation for a possible amebic infection. Prolonged corticosteroid use and a recent exposure to unhygienic water are potential risk factors for GAE. Successful outcomes may be achieved with early intensive treatment using a combination of effective drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00612.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,22]],"date-time":"2011-02-22T02:05:42Z","timestamp":1298340342000},"page":"366-373","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Granulomatous amebic encephalitis: an under\u2010recognized cause of infectious mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Akpek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Uslu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Huebner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Taner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.P.","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Gojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.T.","family":"Akpolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Ioffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Kleinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.R.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"459","article-title":"Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis after bone marrow transplantation","volume":"14","author":"Anderlini P","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2003.00029.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701320"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540903015117"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2008.00335.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2008.02270.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.273-307.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1997.tb01076.x"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","first-page":"573","article-title":"Primary amebic meningoencephalitis \u2013 Arizona, Florida, and Texas, 2007","volume":"57","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","first-page":"1354","article-title":"Protozoa in respiratory pathology","volume":"32","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Gir\u00f3n R","year":"2008","journal-title":"a review"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","first-page":"247","article-title":"Acanthamoeba","volume":"34","author":"Anger C","year":"2008","journal-title":"a review of its potential to cause keratitis, current lens care solution disinfection standards and methodologies, and strategies to reduce patient risk"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","first-page":"241","article-title":"Disseminated cutaneous acanthamebiasis","volume":"73","author":"Paltiel M","year":"2004","journal-title":"a case report and review of the literature"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03786.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","volume-title":"Free\u2010living Amebas: Natural History, Prevention, Diagnosis, Pathology and Treatment of Disease","author":"Martinez AJ.","year":"1985"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","first-page":"79","article-title":"Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis","volume":"1","author":"Khan NA.","year":"2005","journal-title":"clinical diagnosis and management"},{"issue":"36","key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris transmitted through organ transplantation \u2013 Mississippi, 2009. 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