{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:40:53Z","timestamp":1791499253295,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>S. Borchers, S. Luther, U. Lips, N. Hahn, J. Kontsendorn, M. Stadler, S. Buchholz, H. Diedrich, M. Eder, U. Koehl, A. Ganser, E. Mischak\u2010 Weissinger. Tetramer monitoring to assess risk factors for recurrent cytomegalovirus reactivation and reconstitution of antiviral immunity post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.\u2028Transpl Infect Dis 2011: <jats:bold>13:<\/jats:bold> 222\u2013236. All rights reserved<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Background. <\/jats:bold> Reactivation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In healthy individuals, virus\u2010specific T cells (CMV\u2010CTL) control the reactivation of latent CMV. The monitoring of virus\u2010epitope\u2010binding CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells using major histocompatibility complex\u2010I\u2010peptide complexes (tetramers) has recently been established, allowing assessment of the reconstitution of CMV\u2010CTL post HSCT.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Patients and methods. <\/jats:bold> In order to study immune reconstitution and reactivation control through CMV\u2010CTL, we regularly monitored all patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT in our department for 2 years, who matched at least 1 of 6 commercially available tetramers for common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types. To verify risk factors for CMV reactivations in our cohorts, clinical characteristics of all patients transplanted within the last 10 years were included in statistical analyses determining the relative risk for single and recurrent CMV reactivations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results. <\/jats:bold> As expected, CMV serostatus, HLA match, and donor source significantly influenced the risk of recurrent CMV reactivation. Applying CMV\u2010CTL tetramer monitoring for 2 years allowed the monitoring of 114 (85%) of 134 patients, by testing a set of tetramers representing 6 epitopes from 3 different CMV proteins. The presence of CMV\u2010CTL before day +50 and their expansion post reactivation seem to protect against recurrent CMV reactivations. The mean number of CMV\u2010CTL by day +100 was &gt;5\u2010fold higher in the recipient CMV\u2010positive\/donor\u2010positive (R+\/D+) group (91\/\u03bcL) compared with the R+\/D\u2212 (13\/\u03bcL) and the R\u2212\/D+(2\/\u03bcL) group. Seventy\u2010nine percent of patients from the R+\/D+ setting recovered &gt;10 CMV\u2010CTL per \u03bcL by day +100, while almost 50% of the other groups failed to mount a CMV\u2010specific response by that time (R+\/D\u2212: 58%; R\u2212\/D+: 43%).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion. <\/jats:bold> Tetramer monitoring can help to predict (recurrent) CMV reactivation and is a useful approach to monitor individual patients with increased risk for recurrent reactivation post HSCT; thus, it could help to identify patients in need of adoptive transfer of CMV\u2010CTL or to optimize the use of antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00626.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,18]],"date-time":"2011-05-18T07:29:12Z","timestamp":1305703752000},"page":"222-236","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Tetramer monitoring to assess risk factors for recurrent cytomegalovirus reactivation and reconstitution of antiviral immunity post 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