{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T09:04:40Z","timestamp":1784192680660,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,9]],"date-time":"2011-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transplant Infectious Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intestinal transplantation has emerged as an established treatment for life\u2010threatening intestinal failure. The most common complication and cause of death is infection. Risk of infection is highest during the first 6\u00a0months, as a consequence of maximal immunosuppression, greater than that required for any other organ allograft.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a retrospective chart review of all (56) adult and pediatric (&lt;18\u00a0years) small bowel transplant patients at our institution between November 2003 and July 2007, and analyzed the 6\u2010month post\u2010transplant incidence of bloodstream infections (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content>s). We evaluated multiple risk factors, including inclusion of a colon or liver, total bilirubin &gt;5, surgical complications, and acute rejection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> developed in 34 of the 56 patients, with a total of 85 BSI episodes. Of these BSI episodes, 65.9% were due to gram\u2010positive organisms, 34.1% gram\u2010negative organisms, and 2.4% due to fungi. The most common isolates were <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> species, and coagulase\u2010negative staphylococci. Inclusion of the liver and\/or a preoperative bilirubin &gt;5\u00a0mg\/dL appeared to increase the incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.0483 and 0.0005, respectively). Acute rejection and colonic inclusion did not appear to affect the incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.9419 and 0.8248, respectively). The BSI incidence was higher in children (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.0058).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content>s are a common complication of intestinal transplantation. Risk factors include age &lt;18, inclusion of the liver, and pre\u2010transplant bilirubin &gt;5. Acute rejection and colon inclusion do not appear to be associated with increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BSI<\/jats:styled-content> risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2011.00683.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,10]],"date-time":"2011-10-10T16:57:05Z","timestamp":1318265825000},"page":"242-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Six\u2010month incidence of bloodstream infections in intestinal transplant patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Akhter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Faculty Practice Orlando Health Orlando Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Timpone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Matsumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fishbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Transplant Surgery Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Georgetown University Hospital Washington District of Columbia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00375-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/optn.transplant.hrsa.gov(accessed 2 February 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804605"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3062.1999.10103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(03)00728-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2004.01.079"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(98)01565-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yasu.2008.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2007.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(02)02716-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200105270-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-001-0210-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199806113382407"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000185622.91708.57"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Bacterial infections after intestine and multivisceral transplantation. The experience of the University of Miami (1994\u20132001)","volume":"53","author":"Loinaz C","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2006.01271.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.07.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2005.00424.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199509000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e31817ef01c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-1345(00)01189-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","unstructured":"PrimeggiaJ TimponeJ MatsumotoC KarackiP FishbeinT.Infection among small bowel and multivisceral transplant recipients in the 30\u2010day post\u2010operative period. 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