{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T05:33:11Z","timestamp":1734499991446,"version":"3.30.2"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,11]],"date-time":"2004-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Xenotransplantation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Abstract:\u2002<\/jats:bold><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Important phylogenetic differences between pig and human tissues prevent xenotransplantation from becoming a clinically feasible option. Humans lack the galactose\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>1,3\u2010galactose (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal) epitope on endothelial cell surfaces and therefore have preformed anti\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal antibodies. The role of these antibodies in rejection of non\u2010vascular xenografts remains controversial. This study investigared the role of anti\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal antibodies in rejection of non\u2010vascularized<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal+\/+ grafts in<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal \u2212\/\u2212 mice.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal +\/+ and<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal \u2212\/\u2212 pancreatic islets were transplanted under the renal capsule of streptozotocin\u2010induced diabetic (1)<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal \u2212\/\u2212 mice and (2)<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal +\/+ mice.<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal \u2212\/\u2212 recepients were immunized with rabbit red blood cell membranes (RRBCs) to produce elevated anti\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal antibody levels.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold>Six of the 18<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal \u2212\/\u2212 mice rejected the<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal +\/+ grafts within 68 days whereas indefinite graft survival was achieved in the control groups. Animals with surviving islet grafts were challenged with<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal +\/+ skin grafts. Although all<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal +\/+ skin grafts were rejected within 58 days, the islet grafts remained intact. This observation correlated with the level of<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal expression (which was very low on islets compared to skin) rather than the actual titre of anti\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal antibody.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:\u2002<\/jats:bold>The results suggest that the level of<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>Gal expression plays an important role in graft survival. Therefore, its removal is important in the development of a pig islet donor for future clinical therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2004.00138.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,11]],"date-time":"2004-06-11T12:51:20Z","timestamp":1086958280000},"page":"323-331","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fate of \u03b1Gal +\/+ pancreatic islet grafts after transplantation into \u03b1Gal knockout mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Abhilash P.","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Salvaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stacey N.","family":"Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Murray\u2010Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hilton","family":"Gock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Lehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey K. 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