{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:20:24Z","timestamp":1792002024712,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,28]],"date-time":"2004-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Bipolar Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Specific features and diagnostic boundaries of childhood bipolar disorder (BD) remain controversial, and its differentiation from other disorders challenging, owing to high comorbidity with other common childhood disorders, and frequent lack of an episodic course typical of adult BD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:\u2002<\/jats:bold> We repeatedly examined children meeting DSM\u2010IV criteria for BD (excluding episode\u2010duration requirements) and analyzed their clinical records to evaluate age\u2010at\u2010onset, family history, symptoms, course, and comorbidity.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Of 82 juveniles (aged 10.6\u2003\u00b1\u20033.6\u2003years) diagnosed with BD, 90% had a family history of mood or substance\u2010use disorders, but only 10% of patients had been diagnosed with BD. In 74%, psychopathology was recognized before age 3, usually as mood and sleep disturbances, hyperactivity, aggression, and anxiety. At onset, dysphoric\u2010manic and mixed presentations were most common (48%), euphoric mania less (35%), and depression least (17%). Subtype diagnoses were: BP\u2010I (52%)\u2003&gt;\u2003BP\u2010II (40%)\u2003&gt;\u2003cyclothymia (7%). DSM episode\u2010duration criteria were met in 52% of cases, and frequent shifts of mood and energy were common.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Limitations:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Partly retrospective study of clinically diagnosed referred outpatients without a comparison group.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:bold> Pediatric BD is often mis\u2010 or undiagnosed, although it often manifests with mood lability and sleep disturbances early in life. DSM BD criteria inconsistent with clinical findings require revision for pediatric application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2004.00128.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,2]],"date-time":"2004-07-02T05:55:20Z","timestamp":1088747720000},"page":"305-313","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Pediatric bipolar disorder: phenomenology and course of illness"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Gianni L","family":"Faedda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross J","family":"Baldessarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira P","family":"Glovinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy 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